本站原创初中英语人教版知识点总结
一般现在时的用法
1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用.
时间状语:every等,sometimes,at等,onSunday
Ileehomeforschoolat7everymorning.
2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实.
Theearthmovesaroundthesun.
ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.
3)表示格言或警句中.
Pridegoesbeforeafall.骄者必败.
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时.
例:Columbusprovedthattheearthisround..
4)现在时刻的状态,能力,性格,个性.
Idon'twantsomuch.
AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.
比较:NowIputthesugarinthecup.
Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作.再如:Nowwatchme,Iswitchonthecurrentandstandback.第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时.
2.一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态.
时间状语有:yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等.
Wheredidyougojustnow
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作.
WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.
WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwele.
3)句型:
Itistimeforsb.todosth"到等时间了""该等了"
Itistimesb.didsth."时间已迟了""早该等了"
Itistimeforyoutogotobed.你该睡觉了.
Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早该睡觉了.
would(had)rathersb.didsth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'
I'dratheryoucametomorrow.
4)wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时,作试探性的询问,请求,建议等.
Ithoughtyoumighthesome.我以为你想要一些.
比较:
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在.
Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.
(含义:她已不在人间.)
Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.
(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.
(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州.)
Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.
(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意:用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气.
1)动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend等.
Didyouwantanythingelse
Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.
2)情态动词could,would.
Couldyoulendmeyourbike
3.usedto/beusedto
usedto+do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在.
Motherusednottobesofetful.
Scarfusedtotakeawalk.(过去常常散步)
beusedto+doing:对等已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词.
Heisusedtoegetariandiet.
Scarfisusedtotakingawalk.(现在习惯于散步)
典型例题
----YourphonenumberagainI___quitecatchit.
----It's69568442.
A.didn'tB.couldn'tC.don'tD.can't
答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时.
4.一般将来时
1)shall用于第一人称,常被will所代替.
will在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二人称.
WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst.
Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening
2)begoingto+不定式,表示将来.
a.主语的意图,即将做某事.
Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow
b.计划,安排要发生的事.
Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth.
c.有迹象要发生的事
Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.
3)be+不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事.
WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.
4)beaboutto+不定式,意为马上做某事.
HeisabouttoleeforBeijing.
注意:beaboutto不能与tomorrow,nextweek等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用.
5.begoingto/will
用于条件句时,begoingto表将来
will表意愿
Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,you'dbettergetreadyforitassoonaspossible.
Nowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.
6.beto和begoingto
beto表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事.
begoingto表示主观的打算或计划.
Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(客观安排)
I'mgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(主观安排)
7.一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词:e,go,arrive,lee,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来.这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情.
Thetrainleesatsixtomorrowmorning.
WhendoesthebusstarItstarsintenminutes.
2)倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如:
Hereesthebus.等于Thebusising.
Theregoesthebell.等于Thebellisringing.
3)在时间或条件句中.
WhenBilles(不是wille),askhimtowaitforme.
I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.
4)在动词hope,takecarethat,makesurethat等后.
Ihopetheyheanicetimenextweek.
Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleetheroom.
11.用于现在完成时的句型
1)Itisthefirst/secondtime等.that等结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时.
ItisthefirsttimethatIhevisitedthecity.
Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.
2)Thisisthe等that等结构,that从句要用现在完成时.
ThisisthebestfilmthatI've(ever)seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影.
Thisisthefirsttime(that)I'veheardhimsing.这是我第一次听他唱歌.
典型例题
(1)---Doyouknowourtownatall
---No,thisisthefirsttimeI___here.
A.wasB.hebeenC.cameD.aming
答案B.Thisisthefirsttime后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B.
(2)---Heyou____beentoourtownbefore
---No,it'sthefirsttimeI___here.
A.even,eB.even,heeC.ever,eD.ever,hee
答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时.ThisisthelargestfishIheeverseen.Itis/wasthefirsttime+that-clause的句型中,从句要用完成时.
注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用.即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的.
(错)Ihereceivedhisletterforamonth.
(对)Ihen'treceivedhisletterforalmostamonth.
12.比较since和for
Since用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度.
Ihelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.
IhelivedheresinceIwasborn..
Myaunthasworkedinaclinicsince1949.
Somenewoilfieldshebeenopenedupsin ce1976.
IheknownXiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.
MybrotherhasbeenintheYouthLeaguefortwoyears.
Ihenotheardfrommyuncleforalongtime.
注意:并非有for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时.
Iworkedhereformorethantwentyyears.
(我现在已不在这里工作.)
Iheworkedhereformanyyears.
(现在我仍在这里工作.)
小窍门:当现在完成时+一段时间,这一结构中,我们用下面的公式转化,很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使.
1)(对)TomhasstudiedRussianforthreeyears.
等于TombegantostudyRussianthreeyearsago,andisstillstudyingitnow.
2)(错)Harryhasgotmarriedforsixyears.
等于Harrybegantogetmarriedsixyearsago,andisstillgettingmarriednow.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为Harrygotmarriedsixyearsago.或Harryhasbeenmarriedforsixyears.
13.since的四种用法
1)since+过去一个时间点(如具体的年,月,日期,钟点,1980,lastmonth,halfpastsix).
Ihebeenheresince1989.
2)since+一段时间+ago
Ihebeenheresincefivemonthsago.
3)since+从句
Greatchangeshetakenplacesinceyouleft.
Considerabletimehaselapsedsincewehebeenhere.
4)Itis+一段时间+since从句
ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.
被动语态的几种类型
1)主语句中有一个宾语的被动语态,如:
Hesawherintheshopyesterday.
Shewasseenintheshopyesterday.
2)主语有两个宾语的被动语态
LiLeigemeachemistrybook.
IwasgivenachemistrybookbyLiLei.
AchemistrybookwasgiventomebyLiLei.
3)主动句中含宾语补足语的句子的被动语态
若宾语补足语是不带to的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加"to".此类动词为
感官动词:feel,hear,help,listento,lookat,make,observe,see,notice,watch
Theteachermademegooutoftheclassroom.
-->,Iwaadetogooutoftheclassroom(bytheteacher).
Wesawhimplayfootballontheplayground.
-->,Hewasseentoplayfootballontheplayground.
若宾语补足语是带to的不定式,那么被动语态仍保留to:
Mothertoldmenottobelate
Iwastoldnottobelatebymother.
5)情态动词+be+过去分词,构成被动语态.
Coalcanbeusedtoproduceelectricityforagricultureandindustry.
6)表示"据说"或"相信"的词组
believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand(
Itissaidthat等据说
Itisreportedthat等据报道
Itisbelievedthat等大家相信
Itishopedthat等大家希望
Itiswellknownthat等众所周知
Itisthoughtthat等大家认为
Itissuggestedthat等据建议
Itistakengrantedthat等被视为当然
Ithasbeendecidedthat等大家决定
Itmustberememberthat等务必记住的是
ItissaidthatshewillleeforWuhanonTuesday.
14.延续动词与瞬间动词
1)用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验,经历,瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用.
Hehaspletedthework.他已完成了那项工作.(表结果)
I'veknownhimsincethen.我从那时起就认识他了.(表经历)
2)用于till/until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做等直到等"瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到等,才等"
Hedidn'tebackuntilteno'clock.
他到10点才回来.
Hesleptuntilteno'clock.
他一直睡到10点.
典型例题
1.Youdon'tneedtodescribeher.I___herseveraltimes.
A.hadmetB.hemetC.metD.meet
答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述.再次,severaltimes告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时.
2.---I'msorrytokeepyouwaiting.
---Oh,notatall.I___hereonlyafewminutes.
A.hebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe
答案A.等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现
.不定式作宾语
1)动词+不定式
affordaimappearagreearrangeaskbedecidebothercarechooseedaredemanddesiredetermineexpectelectendeorhopefailhappenhelphesitatelearnlongmeanmanageofferoughtplanpreparepretendpromiserefuseseemtendwaitwishundertake
举例:
Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车.
Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案.
2)动词+不定式,动词+宾语+不定式
ask,beg,choose,expect,hate,helpintendlike,love,needprefer,prepare,promise,want,wish等
Iliketokeepeverythingtidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁.
Ilikeyoutokeepeverythingtidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁.
IwanttospeaktoTom.我想和汤姆谈话.
IwantyoutospeaktoTom.我想让你和汤姆谈话.
3)动词+疑问词+to
decide,know,considerfet,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,tell
Pleaseshowushowtodothat.请演示给我们如何去做.
Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan'tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种.
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数.
Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施.
2.不定式作补语
1)动词+宾语+不定式(todo)
adviseallowappointbelievecausechallengemandpelconsiderdeclaredriveenableencouragefindforbidforceguesshireimagineimpelinduceinforminstructinvitejudgeknowlikeorderpermitpersuaderemindreportrequestrequireselectsendstatesupposetellthinktraintrustunderstandurgewarn
例句:
a.Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍.
b.Webelievehimtobeguilty.
我们相信他是有罪的.
Find的特殊用法:
Find后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to的动词不定式.find后也可带一个从句.此类动词还有get,he.
Ifoundhimlyingontheground.
Ifounditimportanttolearn.
IfoundthattolearnEnglishisimportant.
典型例题:
Thenextmorningshefoundtheman___inbed,dead.
A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying
答案:A.find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用.现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动.
2)to+be的不定式结构,作补语的动词.
Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover,fancy(设想),feelfind,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解),show,suppose,take (以为),understand
WeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一.
典型例题
CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered___thefirstputer.
A.toinventB.inventingC.toheinventedD.hinginvented
答案:A.由considertodosth.排除B,D..此句只说明发明这一个事实,不定式后用原形即可.而C为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因此不选C.
3)tobe+形容词
Seem,appear,besaid,besupposed,bebelieved,bethought,beknown,bereported,hope,wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean等
Thebookisbelievedtobeuninteresting.
人们认为这本书没什么意思.
4)therebe+不定式
believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstand
Wedidn'texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里.
注意:有些动词需用as短语做补语,如regard,thinkbelieve,take,consider.
WeregardTomasourbestteacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师.
Marytookhimasherfather.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲.
.不定式作主语
1)It'seasy(forme)todothat.我做这事太容易了
easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,fortable,necessary,better,
thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle,notenough
It'ssonicetohearyourvoice.
听到你的声音真高兴.
It'snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.
当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的.
2)It'sverykindofyoutohelpus.他帮助我们,他真好.
Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,bre,considerate(考虑周到的),silly,selfish(自私的)
例句:
Itwassillyofustobelievehim.我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他.
Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything.他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了.
注意:1)其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型
2)不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式.
3)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用Itis等to等的句型
(对)Toseeistobelieve.百闻不如一见.
(错)Itistobelievetosee.
4.It'orsb.和It'sofsb.
1)forsb.常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等:
It'sveryhardforhimtostudytwolanguages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的.
2)ofsb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right.
It'sveryniceofyoutohelpme.你来帮助我,你真是太好了.
for与of的辨别方法:
用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子.如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for.如:
Youarenice.(通顺,所以应用of).
Heishard.(人是困难的,不通,因此应用for.)
3)祁使句(ImperativeSentence)
祈使句往往是用来表示说话人的请求,命令,要求,建议,等等.祈使句的主语常被省略,因为这个主语很明确地是听话人"you".当然,有时为了强调或表示某种感情,句子也会带上主语.
祈使句的谓语用动词原形,它的否定形式是句首用Don't+动词原形,或是Notto+动词原形.例如:
Bequiet,please！(大家)请安静.
Standup！起立！
Don'tokeintheoffice.请不要在办公室吸烟.
Don'tbestandingintherain.别站在雨里.
Nottobecarelesswhenyou'redrivingacar.开车时不要粗心大意.
4)感叹句(ExclamatorySentence)
感叹句表示说话人的喜悦,气愤,惊讶等强烈的情绪.这类句子中,有很多是由What或How引起的.What用来强调名词,How则强调形容词,副词或动词.这类句子的构成只需将所强调或是说,所感叹的对象放到句首,句子无需倒装,句子要用正常语序.当然,如果不用这种句型,而句子(无论是那种句子)本身又表示了上述的种种情绪,那么该句也就成了感叹句.例如:
Whatafinedayitistoday！今天天气多好啊！
Howfineitistoday！今天天气多好啊！
Whatalovelysonyouhe！你有个多可爱的儿子啊！
Howlovelyyoursonis！你的儿子多可爱