本站原创全日制翻译硕士专业学位(MTI)研究生入学考试大纲
总则《培养方案》MTI教育是培养高层次,应用型,专业性口笔译人才.MTI教育重视实践环节,强调翻译实践能力的培养.MTI的招生对象为,具有良好的双语基础.
根据《培养方案》精神,一,考试目的
本考试招生院校根据考生参加本考试的成绩来选择参加复试的考生.二,考试性质与范围是全国翻译硕士学位研究生的入学资格考试
三、考试基本要求
四、考试时间与命题
每年1月份举行,与全国硕士研究生入学考试同步进行.由各招生院校MTI资格考试命题小组根据本考试大纲,分别参照翻译硕士外语考试《翻译硕X语》,基础课考试《X语翻译基础》及专业基础课考试《汉语写作与百科知识》考试大纲及样题的要求,自主负责命题与实施.
五、考试形式
本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合的方法,各项试题的分布见各门"考试内容一览表".
六、考试内容
见以下分别表述.
全日制翻译硕士专业学位(MTI)研究生入学考试
《翻译硕士X语》考试大纲
一、考试目的
《翻译硕士X语》作为全日制翻译硕士专业学位(MTI)研究生入学考试的外国语考试,其目的是考查考生是否具备进行MTI学习所要求的外语水平.
二、考试性质与范围
本考试是一种测试应试者单项和综合语言能力的尺度参照性水平考试.考试范围包括MTI考生入学应具备的外语词汇量,语法知识以及外语阅读与写作等方面的技能.
三、考试基本要求
1.具有良好的外语基本功,认知词汇量在10,000以上,掌握6,000个以上(以英语为例)的积极词汇,即能正确而熟练地运用常用词汇及其常用搭配.
2.能熟练掌握正确的外语语法,结构,修辞等语言规范知识.
3.具有较强的阅读理解能力和外语写作能力.
四、考试形式
本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合,单项技能测试与综合技能测试相结合的方法.各项试题的分布情况见"考试内容一览表".
五、考试内容
本考试包括以下部分:词汇语法,阅读理解,外语写作等.总分100分.
I.词汇语法
1.考试要求
1)词汇量要求
考生的认知词汇量应在10,000以上,其中积极词汇量为6,000以上,即能正确而熟练地运用常用词汇及其常用搭配.
2)语法要求考生能运用语法,结构,修辞等语言知识.阅读理解能读懂刊上的历史传记文学作品,既能理解其主旨和大意,又能分辨出其中的事实与细节能理解其隐含意义.能阅读调整自己的阅读速度.写作考生能根据所给题目及要求撰写一篇400词左右的说明文或议论文.该作文语言通顺,用词得体,结构合理,文体恰当.
2)简答题40603外语写作命题作文3060共计100180 全日制翻译硕士专业学位(MTI)研究生入学考试
《X语翻译基础》考试大纲
一、考试目的
《X语翻译基础》是全日制翻译硕士专业学位(MTI)研究生入学考试的基础课考试科目,其目的是考查考生的外汉互译实践能力是否达到进入MTI学习阶段的水平.
二、考试性质与范围
本考试是测试考生是否具备基础翻译能力的尺度参照性水平考试.考试范围包括MTI考生入学应具备的外语词汇量,语法知识以及外汉两种语言转换的基本技能.
考试基本要求
1.具备一定中外文化,以及政治,经济,法律等方面的背景知识.
2.具备扎实的外汉两种语言的基本功.
3.具备较强的外汉/汉外转换能力.
四、考试形式
本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合,单项技能测试与综合技能测试相结合的方法,强调考生的外汉/汉外转换能力.各项试题的分布情况见"考试内容一览表".
五、考试内容
本考试包括两个部分:词语翻译和外汉互译.总分150分.
I.词语翻译
1.考试要求
要求考生准确翻译中外文术语或专有名词.
题型
要求考生0个考试时间为分钟.要求考生考试时间为分钟.
词语
翻译外译汉15个外文术语,缩略语
或专有名词1530汉译外15个中文术语,缩略语
或专有名词1530
2
外汉
互译外译汉两段或一篇文章,
250-350个单词6060汉译外两段或一篇文章,
150-250个汉字6060共计150180 全日制翻译硕士专业学位(MTI)研究生入学考试
《汉语写作与百科知识》考试大纲
一、考试目的
是翻译硕士学位研究生入学考试.
二、考试性质与范围
本考试是测试百科知识的尺度参照性水平考试.考试范围包括本大纲规定的百科知识.
三、考试基本要求
四、考试形式
本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合,单项技能测试与综合技能测试相结合的方法,强调考生的百科知识和汉语写作能力.各语种考生统一用汉语答题.试题分类参见"考试内容一览表".
五、考试内容
本考试包括三个部分:百科知识,应用文写作,命题作文.总分150分.
I.百科1.考试要求
要求考生对政治经济人文历史等方面有一定了解.
2.题型
要求考生解释个名词考试时间为分钟..应用文写作
1.考试要求
试卷提供应用文写作的信息,场景及写作要求,由考生根据提示写作.考试时间为分钟III.命题作文
1.考试要求
考生应能根据所给题目及要求写出一篇的.体裁可以是说明文,议论文或应用文.要求通顺,用得体,结构合理,文体恰当
2.题型
.考试时间为分钟.
答题和计分 《汉语写作与百科知识》样题
第一部分百科知识(50')
请简要解释以下段落中划线部分的知识点
这次股市波动在全球都有一定的关联影响,这说明全球化在逐步进展.过去中国认为自己的市场是一个相对比较小型的市场,也是一个正在建设中的,比较幼年的市场,或者说是在转轨经济中逐步发展的新兴市场.由于全球经济一体化的进展,股市波动相互之间关联密切,这也说明中国的市场还需要加速发展,我们要进一步提高直接融资的比重,进一步把资本市场建设得更好,更快,更加国际化.关于流动性过剩问题.流动性偏多是全球的现象,中国也存在流动性偏多的问题.美国财政赤字那么大,它那儿的流动性也很丰富,产油国资金也很丰富.因此,资金面上的宽松是全球一体化之下相互影响的现象.宏观调控当局都应该重视这个问题,做好自己的工作,对于过剩的流动性应该采取稳健的,适当收缩的政策.端午原是个防病防灾的日子,却因大诗人屈原增添了纪念层面的意义,增添了爱国情怀和报国无门的悲情,齐心协力救助生命的悲壮,因了陶渊明酷爱重阳,因了他酷爱的菊的勾连,重阳节衍生了颂陶的文化意蕴,歌颂他人淡如菊的精神境界,重阳无酒也成了知识分子安贫乐道的形象写真.1994年起,比尔盖茨开始了他的爱好.作为拥有600亿美元财富的者,盖茨想买什么就可以买什么,而他购买艺术品似乎也完全凭个人的兴趣,没有明确的学术或商业性目标.还有很多不知名的微软富翁也有艺术品的爱好,这些微软人囊中的巨额财富和近乎疯狂的行为对美国艺术市场产生巨大的推动作用,证明了微软公司在文化市场中有多重要.一个软件公司创造的巨额财富使大量重要艺术作品流向微软人手中,流向西雅图.3月的全国上,吴邦国提出,今年要着力加强社会领域立法,继续完善经济,政治,文化领域立法.社会领域的公平正义,变化并没有那么快,我们只需要翻找出过去的研究和报道,就可以看到今天的问题所在.例如,上文提到的新华社2006年那篇文章中,对社会领域立法促进公平正义列举了五个方面:一是保障公民权利,尊重和保障人权,二是发展社会事业,提高公共服务的能力和水平,三是健全社会保障,发展慈善事业,四是规范社会组织,使各类具有公益或互益性质的社会组织,纳入规范化,法制化管理的轨道,五是重视社会管理,包括加强公共安全,应对突发事件等.社会领域立法以促进公平正义,也许更加直接地体现了孟德斯鸠在《法的精神》中强调的重点:限权.也就是保障私权利,限制公权力.从新华社列举的五项内容可以看出,每前进一步的关键都是公私权界.显然,在这方面还有相当漫长的路要走.')
根据下面的文字说明写一篇450字左右的应用文,要求标题,正文,结尾语,落款几个要素写标题,发文字号,主送机关正文,结尾语,落款
第三部分现代汉语写作(60')
根据下面的文字要求写一篇现代文,题材不限(诗歌,戏剧除外 ;).
生活当中,有许多事情当你亲临其境之后,往往思想受到启迪,身心感到愉悦.偶然忆起,就如品香茗,又如含青榄,清香久远,令人难忘请以值得品味为题,写一篇不少于字的文章.
一、考试目的
《翻译硕士英语》作为全日制翻译硕士专业学位(MTI)研究生入学考试的外国语考试,其目的是考查考生是否具备进行MTI学习所要求的英语水平.
二、考试性质与范围
本考试是一种测试应试者单项和综合语言能力的尺度参照性水平考试.考试范围包括MTI考生入学应具备的英语词汇量,语法知识以及英语阅读与写作等方面的技能.
三、考试基本要求
1.具有良好的英语基本功,认知词汇量在10,000以上,掌握6,000个以上的积极词汇,即能正确而熟练地运用常用词汇及其常用搭配.
2.能熟练掌握正确的英语语法,结构,修辞等语言规范知识.
3.具有较强的阅读理解能力和英语写作能力.
四、考试形式
本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合,单项技能测试与综合技能测试相结合的方法.各项试题的分布情况见"考试内容一览表".
五、考试内容
本考试包括三个部分:词汇语法,阅读理解,英语写作.总分100分.
I.词汇语法
1.考试要求
1)词汇量要求
考生的认知词汇量应在10,000以上,其中积极词汇量为6,000以上,即能正确而熟练地运用常用词汇及其常用搭配.
2)语法要求
考生能正确运用英语语法,结构,修辞等语言规范知识.
2.题型
选择题或改错题.总分30分.考试时间为60分钟.
II.阅读理解
1.考试要求
1)能读懂常见外刊上的专题报道,历史传记及文学作品等各种文体的文章,既能理解其主旨和大意,又能分辨出其中的事实与细节,并能理解其中的观点和隐含意义.
2)能根据阅读时间要求调整自己的阅读速度.
2.题型
1)选择题(包括信息事实性阅读题和观点评判性阅读题)
2)简答题(要求根据所阅读的文章,用3-5行字数的有限篇幅扼要回答问题,重点考查阅读综述能力)
本部分题材广泛,体裁多样,选材体现时代性,实用性,重点考查通过阅读获取信息和理解观点的能力,对阅读速度有一定要求.总分40分.考试时间为60分钟.
III.英语写作
1.考试要求
考生能根据所给题目及要求撰写一篇400词左右的记叙文,说明文或议论文.该作文要求语言通顺,用词得体,结构合理,文体恰当.
2.题型
命题作文.总分30分.考试时间为60分钟.
《翻译硕士英语》考试内容一览表
序号考试内容题型分值时间(分钟)1词汇语法选择题或改错题30602阅读理解1)选择题
2)简答题40603英语写作命题作文3060共计100180 《翻译硕士英语》样题
I.Vocabularyandgrammar(30')
Multiplechoice
Directions:BeneatheachsentencetherearefourwordsorphrasearkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheanswerthatbestpletesthesentence.Markyouranswersonyouranswersheet.
1.Thousandsofpeopleturnedoutintothestreetsto_________againstthelocalauthorities'decisiontobuildahighwayacrossthefield.
A.contradictB.reformC.counterD.protest
2.Themajorityofnursesarewomen,butinthehigherranksofthemedicalprofessionwomenareina_________.
A.minorityB.scarcityC.rarityD.minimum
3.ProfessorJohnson'sretirement________fromnextJanuary.
A.carriesintoeffectB.takeseffect
C.haseffectD.putsintoeffect
4.Thepresidentexplainedthatthepurposeoftaxationwasto________governmentspending.
A.financeB.expandC.enlargeD.budget
5.Theheatinsummerisnoless_________hereinthiountainregion.
A.concentratedB.extensiveC.intenseD.intensive
6.Takingphotographsisstrictly________here,asitmaydamagethepreciouscepaintings.
A.forbiddenB.rejectedC.excludedD.denied
7.Mr.Brown'sconditionlooksveryseriousanditisdoubtfulifhewill_________.
A.pullbackB.pullupC.pullthroughD.pullout
8.Sincetheearlyniies,thetrendinmostbusinesseshasbeentowardon-demand,always-ailableproductsandservicesthatsuitthecustomer's_________ratherthanthepany's.
A.benefitB.ailabilityC.suitabilityD.convenience
9.Thepriestmadethe________ofthecrosswhenheenteredthechurch.
A.markB.signalC.signD.gesture
10.Thisspaciousroomis________furnishedwithjustafewarticlesinit.
A.lightlyB.sparselyC.hardlyD.rarely
11.Ifyouexplainedthesituationtoyoursolicitor,he________abletoadviseyoumuchbetterthanIcan.
A.wouldbeB.willhebeenC.wasD.were
12.Withsomemendressingdownandsomeothermenflauntingtheirlooks,itisreallyhardtotelltheyareor_________.
A.straightB.homosexualC.beautifulD.sad
13.Hisremarkswere________annoyeverybodyatthemeeting.
A.soastoB.suchastoC.suchtoD.auchasto
14.Jameshasjustarrived,butIdidn'tknowhe_________untilyesterday.
A.willeB.wasingC.hadbeeningD.came
15._________consciousofmymoralobligationsasacitizen.
A.IwasandalwayswillbeB.Ihetobeandalwayswillbe
C.IhadbeenandalwayswillbeD.Ihebeenandalwayswillbe
16.Becausefuelsuppliesarefiniteandmanypeoplearewasteful,wewillhetoinstall_________solarheatingdeviceinourhome.
A.sometypeofB.sometypesofa
C.sometypeofaD.sometypesof
17.Iwenttherein1984,andthatwastheonlyoccasionwhenI________thejourneyinexactlytwodays.
A.musttakeB.musthemade
C.wasabletomakeD.couldmake
18.Iknowhefailedhislasttest,butreallyhe's_________stupid.
A.somethingbutB.anythingbut
C.nothingbutD.notbut
19.DoyouknowTim'sbrotherHeis_________thanTim.
A.muchmoresportanB.moreofasportan
C.moreofsportanD.moreasportan
20.Thatwasnotthefirsttimehe________us.Ithinkit'shightimewe________stronga ctionsagainsthim.
A.betrayed等takeB.hadbetrayed等took
C.hasbetrayed等tookD.hasbetrayed等take
II.Readingprehension(40')
Section1Multiplechoice(20')
Directions:Inthissectiontherearereadingpassageollowedbymultiple-choicequestions.Readthepassagesandthenmarkyouranswersonyouranswersheet.
PassageA
TheWelshlanguagehasalwaysbeentheultimatemarkerofWelshidentity,butagenerationagoitlookedasifWelshwouldgothewayofManx,oncewidelyspokenontheIsleofManbutnowextinct.Governmentfinancingandcentralplanning,however,hehelpedreversethedeclineofWelsh.RoadsignsandofficialpublicdocumentsarewritteninbothWelshandEnglish,andschoolchildrenarerequiredtolearnbothlanguages.WelshisnowoneofthemostsuccesulofEurope'sregionallanguages,spokenbymorethanahalf-millionofthecountry'sthreemillionpeople.
Therevivalofthelanguage,particularlyamongyoungpeople,ispartofaresurgenceofnationalidentitysweepingthroughthisall,proudnation.LastmonthWalearkedthesecondanniversaryoftheopeningoftheNationalAssembly,thefirstparliamenttobeconvenedheresince1404.TheideabehinddevolutionwastorestorethebalancewithintheunionofnationakinguptheUnitedKingdom.Withmostofthepeopleandwealth,Englandhasalwayshadbraggingrights.ThepartialtraneroflegislativepowerromWestminster,implementedbyTonyBlair,wasdesignedtogivetheothermembersoftheclub—Scotland,NorthernIreland,andWales—abiggersayandtocountercentrifugalforcesthatseemedtothreatentheveryideaoftheunion.
TheWelshshowedlittleenthusiafordevolution.WhereastheScotsvotedoverwhelminglyforaparliament,thevoteforaWelshassemblyscrapedthroughbylessthanonepercentonaturnoutoflessthan25percent.Itspowerswereproportionatelylimited.TheAssemblycandecidehowmoneyfromWestminsterortheEuropeanUnionisspent.Itcannot,unlikeitscounterpartinEdinburgh,enactlaws.Butnowthatitishere,theWelsharegrowingtoliketheirAssembly.Manypeoplewouldlikeittohemorepowers.Itsimportanceaigureheadwillgrowwiththeopeningin2003,ofanewdebatingchamber,oneofmanynewbuildingsthataretranormingCardifffromadecayingseaportintoaBaltimore-stylewaterfrontcity.MeanwhileagrantofnearlytwomilliondollarromtheEuropeanUnionwilltacklepoverty.WalesisoneofthepoorestregionsinWesternEurope—onlySpain,Portugal,andGreecehealowerstandardofliving.
NewspapersandmagazinesarefilledwithstoriesaboutgreatWelshmenandwomen,boostingself-esteem.TofamiliarfacessuchasDylanThomasandRichardBurtonhebeenaddednewiconssuchasCatherineZeta-Jones,themoviestar,andBrynTerfel,theoperasinger.Indigenouoodslikesaltmarshlambareinvogue.AndWalesnowboastsanationalairline,AwyrCymru.Cymru,whichmeans"landofpatriots",istheWelshnameforWales.Thereddragon,thenation'ssymbolsincethetimeofKingArthur,iseverywhere—onT-shirts,rugbyjerseysandevencellphonecovers.
"UntilveryrecenttimeostWelshpeoplehadthieelingofbeingsecond-classcitizens,"saidDyfanJones,an18-year-oldstudent.Itwasawarmsummernight,andIwassittingonthegrasswithagroupofyoungpeopleinLlanelli,anindustrialtowninthesouth,outsidetherockmusicvenueoftheNationalEisteddfod,Wales'sannualculturalfestival.ThedisusedfactoryinfrontofusechoedtothesoundsofnewWelshbands.
"Therewasalmostageictendencyforlackofconfidence,"Dyfancontinued.EquallyfortableinhisWelshnessasinhiembershipintheEnglish-speaking,globalyouthcultureandthenewfederalEurope,Dyfan,liketherestofhisgeneration,isgrowingupwithasenseofpossibilityunimaginabletenyearsago."Weusedtothink.Wecan'tdoanything,we'reonlyWelsh.NowIthinkthat'schanging."
1.Accordingtothepassage,devolutionwaainlymeantto
A.maintainthepresentstatusamongthenations.
B.reducelegislativepowersofEngland.
C.createabetterstateofequalityamongthenations.
D.grantmoresaytoallthenationsintheunion.
2.Theword"centrifugal"inthesecondparagraphmeans
A.separatist.
B.conventional.
C.feudal.
D.political
3.WalesisdifferentfromScotlandinallthefollowingaspectsEXCEPT
A.people'sdesirefordevolution.
B.locals'turnoutforthevoting.
C.powersofthelegislativebody.
D.statusofthenationallanguage.
4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTcitedasanexampleoftheresurgenceofWelshnationalidentity
A.Welshhaswitnessedarevivalasanationallanguage.
B.Poverty-relieffundsheefromtheEuropeanUnion.
C.AWelshnationalairlineiscurrentlyinoperation.
D.Thenationalsymbolhasbeeafamiliarsight.
5.AccordingtoDyfanJoneswhathaschangedis
A.people'entality.
B.popculture.
C.town'sappearance.
D.possibilitieorthepeople.
PassageB
ThemiserablefateofEnron'semployeeswillbealandmarkinbusinesshistory,oneofthoseawfuleventsthateveryoneagreeustneverbeallowedtohappenagain.Thisurgeisunderstandableandnoble:thousandshelostvirtuallyalltheirretirementsingswiththedemiseofEnronstock.Butmakingsureitneverhappensagainmaynotbepossible,becausethesuddenimpoverishmentofthoseEnronworkersrepresentssomethingevenlargerthanitseems.It'sthelatestturnintheunwindingofoneofthemostaudaciouspromisesofthe20thcentury.
Thep romisewasassuredeconomicsecurity—evenfort—foressentiallyeveryoneinthedevelopedworld.Withtheexplosionofwealth,thatbeganinthe19thcenturyitbecamepossibletothinkaboutapossibilitynoonehaddaredtodreambefore.Thefearatthecenterofdailylivingsincecemandays—lackoffood,warmth,shelter—wouldatlastloseitspowertoterrify.Thatremarkablepromisebecamerealityinmanyways.Governmentscreatedwelfaresystemoranyoneinneedandseparateprogramortheelderly(SocialSecurityintheU.S.).Labourunionspromisednotonlybetterpayforworkersbutalsopensionorretirees.Giantcorporationscameintobeingandofferedthepossibility—insomecasesthepromise—oflifetimeemploymentplusguaranteedpensionsThecumulativeeffectwasafundamentalchangeinhowmillionsofpeopleapproachedlifeitself,areversalofattitudethatmostrankasoneofthelargestinhumanhistory.Formillenniatheerageperson'sstancetowardprovidingforhimselfhadbeen.UltimatelyI'monmyown.Nowitbecame,ultimatelyI'llbetakencareof.
Theearlyhintsthatthispromisemightbebrokenonalargescalecameinthe1980s.U.S.businesshadbeeunpetitivegloballyandbeganrestructuringmassively,withhugeLayoffs.Thetrendacceleratedinthe1990sasthebastionsofcorporatewelfarefacedreality.IBMendeditsno-layoffpolicy.AT&,Tfiredthousands,manyofwhomfoundsuchathingsimplyinprehensible,andafewofwhomkilledthemselves.Theothersupposedguarantorsofoureconomicsecuritywerealsoindecline.Labour-unionmembershipandpowerfelltotheirlowestlevelsindecades.PresidentClintonsignedahistoricbillscalingbackwelfare.AmericansrealizedthatSocialSecuritywon'tprovidesocialsecurityforanyofus.
Alessvisiblebutequallysignificanttrendaffectedpensions.Tomakecostseasiertocontrol,panieovedawayfromdefinedbenefitpensionplans,whichobligatethemtopayoutspecifiedamountsyearsinthefuture,todefinedcontributionplans,whichspecifyonlyhowmuchgoesintotheplaytoday.Themostmontypeofdefined-contributionplanisthe401(k).thesignificanceofthe401(k)isthatitputostoftheresponsibilityforaperson'seconomicfatebackontheemployee.Withinlimitstheemployeemustdecidehowmuchgoesintotheplaneachyearandhowitgetsinvested—thetwofactorsthatwilldeterminehowmuchit'sworthwhentheemployeeretires.
WhichbringsusbacktoEnronThosebillionsofdollarsinvaporizedretirementsingswentinemployees'401(k)accounts.Thatis,theemployeeschosehowmuchmoneytoputintothoseaccountsandthenchosehowtoinvestit.Enronmatchedacertainproportionofeachemployee's401(k)contributionwithpanystock,soeveryonewasgoingtoendupwithsomeEnroninhisorherportfolio,butthatcouldberegardedasafreebie,sincenothingpelsapanytomatchemployeecontributionsatall.AtleasttwospecialfeaturesplicatetheEnroncase.First,someshareholderschargetopmanagementwithillegallycoveringupthepany'sproblems,promptinginvestorstohangonwhentheyshouldhesold.Second,Enron's401(k)accountswerelockedwhilethepanychangedplanadministratorsinOctober,whenthestockwaalling,soemployeescouldnotheclosedtheiraccountsiftheywantedto.
ButbyfarthelargestcauseofthishumantragedyisthatthousandsofemployeeswereheilyoverweighedinEnronstock.Manyhadplaced100%oftheir401(k)assetsinthestockratherthaninthe18otherinvestmentoptionstheywereoffered.Ofcoursethatwasn'tprudent,butit'swhatsomeofthemdid.
TheEnronemployees'retirementdisasterispartofthelargertrendawayfromguaranteedeconomicsecurity.That'swhypreventingsuchathingfromeverhappeningagainmaybeimpossible.ThehugeattitudinalshifttoI'll-be-taken-care-oftookatleastageneration.Theshiftbackmaytakejustaslong.Itwon'tbepleteuntilanewgenerationofemployeesseeassuredeconomicfortasa20th-centuryquirk,andunderstandnotjustintellectuallybutintheirbonesthat,likemostpeopleinmosttimesandplaces,they'reontheirown.
6.Whydoestheauthorsayatthebeginning"ThemiserablefateofEnron'semployeeswillbealandmarkinbusinesshistory等"
A.Becausethepanyhasgonebankrupt.
B.Becausesucheventswouldneverhappenagain.
C.BecausemanyEnronworkerslosttheirretirementsings.
D.Becauseitsignifiesaturningpointineconomicsecurity.
7.Accordingtothepassage,thebinedeffortsbygovernments,layoutunionsandbigcorporationstoguaranteeeconomicfortheledtoasignificantchangein
A.people'soutlookonlife.
B.people'slifestyles.
C.people'slivingstandard.
D.people'ssocialvalues.
8.Changesinpensionschemeswerealsopartof
A.thecorporatelay-offs.
B.thegovernmentcutsinwelfarespending.
C.theeconomicrestructuring.
D.thewarningpoweroflaborsunions.
9.ThousandsofemployeeschoseEnronastheirsoleinvestmentoptionmainlybecause
A.the401(k)madethemresponsiblefortheirownfuture.
B.Enronofferedtoaddpanystocktotheirinvestment.
C.theiremployersintendedtocutbackonpensionspending.
D.Enron'sofferwassimilartoadefined-benefitplan.
10.WhichisNOTseenasalessondrawnfromtheEnrondisaster
A.The401(k)assetsshouldbeplacedinmorethanoneinvestmentoption.
B.Employeeshetotakeupresponsibilitieorthemselves.
C.Sucheventscouldhappenagainasitisnoteasytochangepeople'ind.
D.Economicsecuritywon'tbetakenforgr antedbyfutureyoungworkers.
Section2Answeringquestions(20')
Directions:ReadthefollowingpassagesandthenanswerINCOMPLETESENTENCESthequestionswhichfolloweachpassage.Useonlyinformationfromthepassageyouhejustreadandwriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyouranswersheet.
Questions1～3
For40yearsthesightofthousandsofyoungstersstridingacrosstheopenmoorlandhasbeenauchanannualfixtureasspringitself.Butthe2,400schoolpupilswhojointhegruelingDartmoorTenTorsChallengenextSaturdaymaybeamongthelasttotakepartintheMaytradition.ThetrekfacesgrowingcriticifromenvironmentalistswhofearthatthepresenceofsomanywalkersononeweekendthreatensthesurvivalofsomeofDartmoor'sinternationallyrarebirdspecies.
TheTenTorsChallengetakesplaceinthemiddleofthebreedingseason,whentheslightestdisturbancecanjeopardizebirds'chancesofreproducingsuccesully.ExpertsattheRSPBandtheDartmoorNationalParkAuthorityfearthatthewalkerscouldfrightenbirdsandevencrusheggs.Theyarenowcallingfortheeventtobemovedtotheautumn,whenthebreedingseasonisoverandchicksshouldbewellestablished.Organisersoftheevent,whichisledbyabout400TerritorialArmyvolunteers,saymovingitwouldbeimpracticalforseveralreasonsandwouldmeanpupilscouldnottrainproperlyforthe55-miletrek.Dartmoorishometo10rarespeciesofground-nestingbirds,includinggoldenplovers,dunlinsandlapwings.Insomecases,speciesareeitherdowntotheirlasttwopairsonthemoororarefacinganationwidedecline.
EmmaParkin,South-westspokeswomanforthePASPB,tookpartinthechallengeasaschoolgirl.Shesaidthesocietyhadnoobjectionstotheeventitselfbutsimplywanteditmovedtoanothertimeofyear."Itisawonderfulactivityforthechildrenwhotakepartbut,hingthousandsofpeoplewalkingpastinoneweekendwhenbirdsarebreedingishardlyideal,"shesaid."Wewouldpreferittotakeplaceafterthebreedingandnestingseasonisover.Thereisariskofdestructionanddisturbance.Ifthewalkersputafootinthewrongplacetheycancrushtheeggsandifthereissufficientdisturbancethebirdightabandonthenest."HelenBooker,anRSPBuplandconservationofficer,saidtherewasnoresearchintothescaleofthedamagebuttherewaslittledoubtthewalkwasdetrimental."Ifpeoplearetrampingpastcontinuallyitcanharmthechancesofsuccesulnesting.Thereisalsothefearofdirecttramplingofeggs."AspokeanfortheDartmoorNationalParkAuthoritysaidthebreedingseasononthemoorlastedfromearlyMarchtomid-July,andtheTenTorsChallengecreatedthepotentialfordisturbanceforMarch,whenparticipantsstarttraining.
Tomovetheeventtotheautumnwasdifficultbecausechildrenwouldbeonholidayduringthetrainingperiod.TherewasapossibilitythatsomeschoolsintheSouthwestmovetoafour-termyearin2004,"butuntilthenanychangewasunlikely.TheauthoritylastsurveyedbirdlifeonDartmoortwoyearagoandifthenextsurveyshowedanyfurtherdecline,itwouldincreasepressuretomovetheChallenge,"hesaid.
MajorMikePether,secretaryofthearmymitteethatanisestheChallenge,saidtheeventcouldbemovediftherewasthepopularwill."TheTenTorshasbeenrunningfor42yearsandithasalwaysbeenatthistimeoftheyear.Itisalmostintabletsofstonebutthat'snottosaywewon'tconsidermovingifthereisaconsensusinfour.However,althoughtheRSPBwouldlikeitmoved,75percentofthepeoplewhotakepartwantittostayasitis,"hesaid.MajorPethersaidthetrekcouldnotbemovedtoearlierintheyearbecauseitwouldconflictwiththelambingseason,mostofthechildrenwereonholidayinthesummer,andthewinterweatherwastooharsh.
DatmoorNationalParkoccupiessome54sqkmofhillstoppedbygraniteoutcropsknownas"Tors"withthehighestTor-cappedhillreaching621m.Thevalleysanddipsbetweenthehillsareoftensitesofbogstosnaretheunwaryhiker.ThemoorhaslongbeenusedbytheBritishArmyasatrainingandfiringrange.Theoriginoftheeventstretchesbackto1959whenthreeArmyofficersexercisingonthemoorthoughtitwouldprovideachallengeforciviliansaswellassoldiers.Inthefirstyear203youngsterstookupthechallenges.Sincethenteams,dependingonageandability,facehikesof35,45or55milesbetween10nominatedTorsovertwodays.Theyareexpectedtocarryeverythingtheyneedtosurvive.
1.WhatistheTenTorsChallengeGiveabriefintroductionofitslocationandhistory.
2.Whyisitsuggestedthattheeventbemovedtotheautumnorotherseasons
3.Whatarethedifficultiesiftheeventiovedtotheautumnorotherseasons
Questions4～5
MikeandAdamHurewitzgrewuptogetheronLongIsland,inthesuburbsofNewYorkCity.Theywereveryclose,evenforbrothers.SowhenAdam'sliverstartedfailing,Mikeofferedtogivehimhalfofhis.TheoperationsedAdam'slife.ButMike,whowentintothehospitalinseeminglyexcellenthealth,developedaplication—perhapsabloodcolt—anddiedlastweek.Hewas57.MikeHurewitz'sdeathhaspromptedalotofsoulsearchinginthetransplantmunity.WasitatragicflukeorasignthattransplantsurgeryhasreachedsomekindofethicallimitTheMountSinaiMedicalCenter,theNewYorkCityhospitalwheretheplexdoubleoperationwasperformed,hasputonholditsadultlivingdonorlivertransplantprogram,pendingareviewofHurewitz'sdeath.MountSin aihasperformedabout100suchoperationsinthepastthreeyears.
A1-in-100riskofdyingmaynotseemlikebadodds,butthere'oretothisethicaldilemmathanasimpleratio.Thefirstandmostsacredruleofmedicineistodonoharm."Foranormalhealthypersonamortalityrate1%ishardtojustify,"saysDr.JohnFung,chiefoftransplantationattheUniversityofPittsburghMedicalCenter."Iftheratestaysat1%,it'sjustnotgoingtobeaccepted."Ontheotherhand,there'sanacuteshortageoftraditionaldonoranrompeoplewhohediedinaccidentsorsufferedfatalheartattacks.Iffamilymemberullyunderstandtherisksandarewillingtoproceed,isthereanyreasontostandintheirwayIndeed,arecentsurveyshowedthatmostpeoplewillacceptamortalityrateforlivingandonorsashighas20%.Theodds,thankfully,aren'tnearlythatbad.Forkidneydonors,forexample,theriskrangerom1in2,500to1in4,000forahealthyvolunteer.Thathelpsexplainwhynearly40%ofkidneytransplantsintheU.S.efromlivingdonors.
Theoperationtotransplantaliver,however,isalottrickierthanonetotransplantakidney.Notonlyistheliverpackedwithbloodvessels,butitalsomakeslotsofproteinsthatneedtobeproducedintherightratioorthebodytosurvive.Whenanromtherecentlydeceasedareused,thesurgeongetstopickwhichpartofthedonatedliverlooksthebestandtotakeauchofitasneeded.Assumingallgoeswell,ahealthylivercangrowbackwhateverportionoftheaniissing,sometimeswithinamonth.
Aliving-donortransplantworksparticularlywellwhenanadultdonatesamodestportionofthelivertoachild.Usuallyonlytheleftlobeoftheanisrequired,leadingtoamortalityrateforliving-donorsintheneighborhoodof1in500to1in1,000.Butwhentherecipientisanotheradult,auchas60%ofthedonor'sliverhastoberemoved."Therereallyisverylittlemarginforerror,"saysDr.Fung.Bywayofanalogy,hesuggests,thinkofatree."Anadult-to-childliving-donortransplantislikecuttingoffalimb.Withanadult-to-adulttransplant,you'resplittingthetrunkinhalfandtryingtokeepbothhalvesalive."
Evenifapotentialdonorunderstandandacceptstheserisks,thatdoesn'tnecessarilymeantheoperationshouldproceed.Allsortsofsubtlepressurescanbebroughttobearonsuchadecision,saysDr.MarkSiegler,directoroftheMacLeanforClinicalMedicalEthicsattheUniversityofChicago."Sometimesthesickerthepatient,thegreaterthepressureandthemorewillingthedonorwillbetoacceptrisks."Ifyoufeelyoucan'tsayno,isyourdecisiontrulyvoluntaryAndifnot,isitthemedicalmunity'sresponsibilitytoseyoufromyourownbestintentions
Transplantcentershedevelopedscreeningprogramstoensurethatlivingdonorullyunderstandthenatureoftheirdecision.Butunexamined,forthemostpart,isthelargerissueofjusthowmucholunteershouldbeallowedtosacrificetoseanotherhumanbeing.Sofar,weseemtobesayingsomeriskisacceptable,althoughwe'restillvagueraboutwherethecutoffshouldbe.TherewillalwaysbefamilymemberslikeMikeHurewitzwhoareheroicallypreparedtomaketheultimatesacrificeforalovedone.Whatthemedicalprofessionandsocietymustdecideisifit'sappropriatetoletthemdoso.
4.DescribeinyourownwordsthelivertransplantbetweenthetwobrothersMikeandAdam.
5.Whatisthemajorissueraisedinthearticle
III.Writing(30')
Somepeopleseeeducationsimplyasgoingtoschoolorcollege,orasameanstosecuregoodjobs,otherpeoplevieweducationasalifelongprocess.Inyouropinion,howimportantiseducationtopeopleinthemodernsociety
Writeapositionofabout400wordsonyourviewofthetopic.
《英语翻译基础》考试大纲
一、考试目的
《英语翻译基础》是全日制翻译硕士专业学位(MTI)研究生入学考试的基础课考试科目,其目的是考查考生的英汉互译实践能力是否达到进入MTI学习阶段的水平.
二、考试性质与范围
本考试是测试考生是否具备基础翻译能力的尺度参照性水平考试.考试范围包括MTI考生入学应具备的英语词汇量,语法知识以及外汉两种语言转换的基本技能.
三、考试基本要求
1.具备一定中外文化,以及政治,经济,法律等方面的背景知识.
2.具备扎实的英汉两种语言的基本功.
3.具备较强的英汉/汉英转换能力.
四、考试形式
本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合,单项技能测试与综合技能测试相结合的方法,强调考生的英汉/汉英转换能力.试题分类参见"考试内容一览表".
五、考试内容
本考试包括两个部分:词语翻译和英汉互译.总分150分.
I.词语翻译
1.考试要求
要求考生准确翻译中英文术语或专有名词.
2.题型
要求考生较为准确地写出题中的30个汉/英术语,缩略语或专有名词的对应目的语.汉/英文各15个,每个1分,总分30分.考试时间为60分钟.
II.英汉互译
1.考试要求
要求应试者具备英汉互译的基本技巧和能力,初步了解中国和目的语国家的社会,文化等背景知识,译文忠实于原文,无明显误译,漏译,译文通顺,用词正确,表达基本无误,译文无明显语法错误,英译汉速度为每小时250-350个英语单词,汉译英速度为每小时150-250个汉字.
2.题型
要求考生较为准确地翻译出所给的文章,英译汉为250-350个单词,汉译英为150-250个汉字,各占60分,总分120分.考试时间为120分钟.
《英语翻译基础》考试内容一览表
序号考试内容题型题量分值时间(分钟)
1
词语
翻译英译汉15个英文术语,缩略语
或专有名词1530汉译英15个中文术语,缩略语
或专有名词1530
2
英汉
互译英译汉两段或一篇文章,
250-350个单词6060汉译英两段或一篇文章,
150-250个汉字6060共计150180 《英语翻译基础》样题
I.Directions:Translatethefollowingwords,abbreviationsorterminologyintotheirtargetlanguagerespectively.Therearealtogether30itemsinthispartofthetest,15inEnglishand15inChinese,withonepintforeach.(30')
APEC
ASEAN
CFO
CPI
EMS
FBI
GPS
IPO
NATO
InternationalMoaryFund
mostforednations
IntellectualPropertyRights
CertifiedPublicAccountant
EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation
International AtomicEnergyAgency
按揭贷款保健食品保税区不正之风春运第三产业法制国家国际惯例货到付款亏损企业减员增效联合兼并留职停薪特别提款权市场准入
II.Directions:Translatethefollowingtwosourcetextsintotheirtargetlanguagerespectively.IfthesourcetextisinEnglish,itstargetlanguageisChinese.IfthesourcetextisinChinese,itstargetlanguageisEnglish.(120')
SourceText1:
Aphysicianstartsplayingaharshmentaltapeinherheadeverytimeanewpatientcalls:WhatifImakethewrongdiagnosisI'materribledoctor.HowdidIgetintomedicalschoolAnexecutiveloseshisjobdespite25productiveyears,hetellshimself:I'maloser.Ican'tprovideformyfamily,andI'llneverbeabletodoitagain.Ifthesereal-lifeexamplessoundfamiliar,youmayheacausticmentaryrunninginyourhead,too.PsychologistssaymanyoftheirpatientsareplaguedbyaharshInnerCritic—includingsomeextremelysuccesulpeoplewhothinkit'sthesecrettotheirsuccess.
AnInnerCriticcanindeedroustyououtofbedinthemorning,getyouonthetreadmill(literallyandfiguratively)andspuryoutofinishthatbookorsymphonyorinvention.Butthedesiretoachievecangethijackedbyharshjudgmentandunrelentingfear.Unrelentingself-criticioftengoeshandinhandwithanxiety,anditmayevenpredictdepression.Self-criticiisalsoafactorineatingdisorders,andbodydisorder—thatis,preoccupationwithone'sperceivedphysicalflaws.Manypeople'sInnerCriticmakesanappearanceearlyinlifeandissuchaconstantpanionthatit'spartoftheirpersonality.Psychologistssaythatchildren,particularlythosewithageicpredispositiontodepression,mayinternalizeandexaggeratetheexpectationsofparentsorpeersorsociety.Onetheoryisthatself-criticiisangerturnedinward,whensufferersarefilledwithhostilitybuttooafraidandinsecuretoletitout.Othertheoriesholdthatpeoplewhoscoldthemselvesareactingoutguiltorshameorsubconsciouslyshieldingthemselvesagainstcriticifromothers:Youcan'ttellmeanythingIdon'talreadytellmyself,eveninharsherterms.
Techniqueromcognitivebehioraltherapycanbehelpfulinchangingpatternsofthoughtthathebeepainful.Therearemanypatients,suchasdoctors,lawyers—whobelievedthatiftheydidn'tflogthemselves,theywouldn'tbesuccesul.Andpartofpsychologists'workistobreakthroughthatbeliefbytellingthepatientsthattheyusuallysucceedinspiteoftheirInnerCritics,notbecauseofthem.(360words)
【Keywords】
depression抑郁症cognitivebehioraltherapy认知行为疗法
SourceText2:
农业是多哈谈判的核心.发达国家和发展中国家都面临压力,但富国和穷国的压力是不同的.在全球26亿农民中,发展中国家有25亿,而且大多数处在贫困状态.即使发展中国家有雄心,有诚意去推进贸易自由化,也不能不顾及几千万甚至几亿农民的基本生计.如果让那些已处于贫困线上的农民遭受更大的冲击,将引发灾难,届时发达国家也不得安宁.因此,应立即给予最不发达国家免关税,免配额的待遇,应该给予发展中国家"特殊产品"和"特殊保障机制"的待遇.在推动世界贸易自由化的过程中,关键是要照顾大多数,要让广大发展中成员能跟上前进的步伐因此要给予所有发展中成员特殊和差别待遇,并力争在香港会议期间就棉花等问题作为阶段性成果达成共识.让发展中成员"早期收获",获得看得见,摸得着的好处,才能增强多数成员对多哈谈判的信心.多哈谈判theDohaRoundnegotiations免配额quota-free《汉语写作与百科知识》考试样题
参
第一部分:百科知识')
全球化是使产品或进入全球市场而进行的有关的商务活动,包括正确的国际化设计,本地化集成,以及在全球市场进行的市场推广,销售和支持的全部过程.企业通过全球化实现其全球化发展战略,实现全球化业务,扩大市场规模,降低成本,提升综合竞争力,展现企业发展实力,增强用户信心,树立市场形象.
新兴市场指的是发展中国家的股票市场.按照国际金融公司的权威定义.只要一个国家或地区的人均国民生产总值(GNP)没有达到世界银行划定的高收入国家水平,那么这个国家或地区的股市就是新兴市场.有的国家,尽管经济发展水平和人均GNP水平已进入高收入国家的行列,但由于其股市发展滞后,市场机制不成熟,仍被认为是新兴市场.
直接融资直接融资是指拥有暂时闲置资金的单位(包括企业,机构和个人)与资金短缺需要补充资金的单位,相互之间直接进行协议,或者在金融市场上前者购买后者发行的有价证券,将货币资金提供给所需要补充资金的单位使用,从而完成资金融通的过程.
流动性过剩简单地说,流动性过剩就是货币当局货币发行过多货币量增长过快,银行机构资金来源充沛,居民储蓄增加迅速.在宏观经济上,它表现为货币增长率超过GDP增长率,就银行系统而言,则表现为存款增速大大快于贷款增速.
财政赤字:财政就是一国政府的收支状况.一国政府在每一财政年度开始之初,总会制定一个当年的财政预算方案,若实际执行结果收入大于支出,为财政赢余支出大于收入,为财政赤字.
宏观调控宏观调控是国家为了保持国民经济持续,稳定,健康迅速发展,促进经济结构的优化,引导推动社会全面进步而采取的经济措施.国家能够实行强有力的宏观调控.国家采取宏观调控的手段通常有:(1)法律手段与经济政策,如:调整税率金融,财政补贴等,(2)计划指导,如:国家大的投资规划,或在某些行业和领域实行配额制度,(3)行政手段,如利用工商,商检,卫生检疫,海关等部门禁止或限制某些商品的生产与流通.
端午:阴历每年的五月初五是端午节.端午节又称重午节,端阳节,五月节,天中节,天长节,地腊节,五毒日,娃娃节,女儿节等.端午节是我国民间三大饮食节之一.在端午节这天,人们以吃粽子表示祝.
屈原约前304前278战国末期楚国人杰出的政治家和爱国诗人名平字原丹阳(今湖北秭归)人屈原的《离骚》《天问》《九歌》《九章》《招魂》等屈原是中国文学史上第一位伟大的爱国诗人他的作品开创了我国诗歌的浪漫主义传统他的崇高精神和人格千百年来感召和哺育着无数中华儿人民永远景仰他热爱他中国民间5月5端午节包粽子赛龙舟的习俗就是源于对他的纪念.
陶渊明(365427),字元亮,别号五柳先生,晚年更名潜,卒后亲友私谥靖节.东晋浔阳柴桑(今九江市)人.陶渊明是汉魏南北朝800年间最杰出的诗人.陶诗今存125首,多为五言诗.从内容上可分为饮酒诗,咏怀诗和田园诗三大类. 陶渊明的作品感情真挚朴素自然,有时流露出逃避现实乐天知命的老庄思想,有田园诗人之称.
重阳节:农历九月九日为传统的重阳节.因为古老的《易经》中把"六"定为阴数,把"九"定为阳数,九月九日,日月并阳,两九相重,故而叫重阳,也叫重九,古人认为是个值得庆贺的吉利日子,并且从很早就开始过此节日.因为《易经》中把"六"定为阴数,把"九"定为阳数,九月九日,日月并阳,两九相重,故而叫重阳,也叫重九,古人认为是个值得庆贺的吉利日子,并且从很早就开始过此节日.庆祝重阳节的活动多彩浪漫,一般包括出游赏景,登高远眺,观赏菊花,遍插茱萸,吃重阳糕,饮菊花酒等活动.庆祝重阳节的活动多彩浪漫,一般包括出游赏景,登高远眺,观赏菊花,遍插茱萸,吃重阳糕,饮菊花酒等活动.九九重阳,因为与"久久"同音,九在数字中又是最大数,有长久长寿的含意,况且秋季也是一年收获的黄金季节,重阳佳节,寓意深远,人们对此节历来有着特殊的感情,唐诗宋词中有不少贺重阳,菊花的诗词佳作.今天的重阳节,被赋予了新的含义,在1989年,我国把每年的九月九日定为老人节,传统与现代巧妙地结合,成为尊老,敬老,爱老,助老的老年人的节日.今天的重阳节,被赋予了新的含义.1989年,我国把每年农历的九月九日定为老人节,传统与现代巧妙地结合,成为尊老,敬老,爱老,助老的老年人的节日.全国各机关,团体,街道,往往都在此时组织从工作岗位上退下来的老人们秋游赏景,或临水玩乐,或登山健体,让身心都沐浴在大自然的怀抱里,不少家庭的晚辈也会搀扶着年老的长辈到郊外活动或为老人准备一些可口的饮食.
比尔盖茨:威廉(比尔)H.盖茨是全球个人计算机软件的领先供应商微软公司的创始人,前任董事长和首席执行官盖茨出生于1955年,比尔梅琳达盖茨基金会
微软(Microsoft公司比尔盖茨与保罗艾伦是世界PCPersonalComputer,个人计算机软件开发的先导目前是全球最大的电脑软件提供商其主要产品为Windows操作系统,InterExplorer网页浏览器及MicrosoftOffice办公软件套件.
文化市场是指按价值规律进行文化艺术产品交换,和提供有偿文化服务活动的场所.是文化艺术产品生产和消费的.它必须具备三个条件:一是要有能供人们消费并用于交换的劳动产品和活动,二是要有组织这种活动的经营者和需求者,三是要有适宜的交换条件.
西雅图位于美国本土48个州最西北角的华盛顿州,是美国西北部重要城市和海港.西雅图已有150年的发展历史,一直以来都给人以浪漫多情的印象,好莱坞电影《西雅图夜未眠》之后尤其如此.西雅图的地标是1962年在此举行的世界博览会而设计的太空针塔其中微软是世界上最大的私人计算机软件公司世界最大的飞机制造厂家波音公司是该地区最大的雇主.
"是全国人民代表大会和的简称.每年3月份先后召开全体会议一次,每年称为一届,每年会议称X届X次会议.召开的意义在于:将表从人民中得来的信息和要求进行收集及整理,传达给党表代表着广大选民的利益,代表选民在召开期间向政府有关部门提出选民们自己的意见和要求.地方每年召开的人大和政协也称为,通常召开的时间比全国时间要早.
吴邦国男,汉族,生,安徽肥东人,清华大学无线电电子学系毕业,大学学历,工程师.政治局常委,十一届全国人大常委会委员长,党组书记.
新华社新华社是中华人民共和国的国家通讯社,是中国最大的新闻信息采集和发布中心.新华社前身是红色中华通讯社,创建于1931年11月1937年改现名.新华社总社设在中国首都北京全社的新闻采集和处理系统由总社,国内分社,国外分社三部分组成.
法制化:就是把法律规制的应用制度化,程序化,将这些行为纳入到法律规制的范畴,由相应的制度对其进行规定,制约,这既利于行为的规范化,程序化,提高效率,也利于对其进行监督与约束,更利于人民的合法权利.
孟德斯鸠孟德斯鸠(16891755)法国伟大的启蒙思想家,法学家.孟德斯鸠不仅是18世纪法国启蒙时代的着名思想家,也是近代欧洲国家比较早的系统研究古代东方社会与法律文化的学者之一.他的着述虽然不多,但其影响却相当广泛,尤其是《论法的精神》这部集大成的着作,奠定了近代西方政治与法律理论发展的基础,也在很大程度上影响了欧洲人对东方政治与法律文化的看法.《波斯人信札》1734年发表的《罗马盛衰原因论》.
公权界:公共领域和私人领域的划分是处理国家和公民关系的核心问题之一公共领域归公共领域,私人领域归私人领域,前者通行规则,后者通行自由规则,这个权界是一定要分清的.从社会学的角度上说,现实中任何一个社会人都在从事着几种角色扮演,譬如在一定的社会情景里医生有时也是病人,记者有时也是受访者.这种角色扮演必须分得清楚,否则就会出现悖论与逻辑混.在官员这个群体身上这种划分必须体现更加清楚.公权只能公用而不能私用,其前提是对官员身份边界及其背后的权力边界的清楚定义.
')
这类报告内容要有针对性,不能答非所问.因此,主体部分即报告事项部分依来文要求作答即可.结尾用"专此报告"或"以上报告,请审阅"之类的习惯语收尾.
中国××进出口商会
关于××汽车索赔案谈判结果的报告
××字〔200-〕×号
中国××××办公室:
根据你办和商务部××司的指示,我会于×月×日至×月×日派人去××,了解了××汽车索赔案的谈判结果,现将有关情况报告如下:
××进出口公司和××进出口总公司自去年以来了××型载重卡车×辆,其中,××公司×辆,××公司×辆.至八月底已到货×辆.经使用,出现车架大裂纹,铆钉松动,轮胎早期磨损,挡风玻璃爆裂,木梁裂纹等严重质量问题.××公司,××公司当即组织了用户和技术人员赴×××,××,×××,××,××等省进行调查,经检验质量问题主要是由于×方产品设计和制造上的缺陷造成的.两公司为此对××公司提出索赔.为使谈判成功,两公司共同组成联合谈判小组,和用户统一对外索赔.同时我报社转载了《国际商报》报道××质量问题的文章,给××公司造成了巨大压力,迫使他们改变了最初不认账和企图敷衍了事的态度,于×月×日派了以常务董事为首的代表团来京谈判.由于两公司准备充分,我方专家从技术上提出了有力的论证,经过半个月的谈判,使×方承认是设计和产品制造质量问题,同意全部退货,更换"重新设计试验,精工细作,制造优良的"新车,并向我支付×日元(占全部车价的×分之一)的经济损失赔偿金.××公司于×月×日在赔偿确认书上签字.
今年以来,我国从××和××进口的商品不断出现质量问题,主要原因是这些商人无视商业信誉,以次充好,以假充真.如××电器株式会社向××出口的电位器生产线质量低劣,××,××进口的家用电器也有不少假货,次货.就我方来讲,由于近两年来,家用电器进口数量大,交货期短,除专项进口外,各地方也竞相进口,地方单位大多不重视进口商品检验也使外商产生重数量,轻质量的侥幸心理,大量委托外加工粗制滥造.为避免国家损失,建议国家制订《进口汽车管理办法》,并要求各部门,各地方切实执行.
以上报告如无不妥,请转报商务部.
(公章)
×年×月×日
第三部分:现代汉语写作(60')
答案略
《翻译硕士英语》样题参
I.Vocabularyandgrammar(30')
1-10DABACACDDB
11-20AABBDACBBC
II.Readingprehension(40')
Section1Multiplechoice(20')
1.C2.A3.D4.B5.A
6.D7.A8.C9.B10.B
Section2Answeringquestions(20')
Keypoints
1.locatedinDartmoorPark/with54sqkmofhillscoveredby"Tors"/aneventstartingfrom1959/youngpeoplewalkingoveradistanceof55-miletrekintwodays/inSpring(May)/akindofoutdoorphysicaltraining
2.environmentali/threateningofsome"internationallyrarebirdspecies"/bre edingseason/nestingseason/destroyingeggs/frighteningbirds/decliningofbirds
3.ifmovedtoautumn/children"onholiday"duringthetrainingperiod/majorityunwillingtochangethetime/ifmovedearlier:lambingseason/winter:tooharshandcold
4.MikeandAdam/one'sliver"failing",Mikedonatedhalfofhisliver/Adamsurvived/Mike,thehealthybrother,duetothe"plication"developedintheoperation,diedafterthesuccesultransplant
5.whenthereisariskofdonors'dyingfromantransplantbetweenfamilymembers/1in100risk/higherorlower/Shallsuchtransplantoperationsbeencouraged/differentviewpoints/heatedargument
III.Writing(30')
EducationasaLifelongProcess
Whenwetalkabouteducation,wecaneasilythinkofschools,collegesandyoungpeople.Asamatteroffact,educationissoimportantinmodernsocietythatitcanbeviewedasalifelongprocess.
Firstly,it'stherequirementoffast-developingsocietytoreceiveeducationdespiteofyourage.Ourworldischangingdramaticallywiththedevelopmentofnewscienceandtechnology.Apersonwhopletedhiseducationatschoolinthe1970sorthe1980ayheencounterednewproblemswhenheisworkingnow.Theproblemighthesomethingtodowithhiajororotheraspects.Forexampleanaccountantnowmustmastertheskillsofaccountingthroughputers,whichisabasictoolforhim,soheshouldalsolearnhowtoapplyhisjobinaputernomatterhowoldheis.
Secondly,educationcreateshumancharacterandmoralities.Througheducation,youthmaylearnhowtomakecontributionstotheworld.Andtheoldmaylearnnewthingstoenrichtheirlives.Througheducation,ahealthypersoncanbeestrongerandadisabledpersoncanheanewhopeonhislife.Mancanfindgreatpleasureineducation.
Thirdly,ourmodemsocietyhasprovidedeveryonewiththechancetoreceiveeducation.Aslongasyouwishyoucouldgeteducationbyattendingnight-schools,adultcolleges,trainingcentersandevenlong-distanceeducationthroughInterandTV.
Inaword,knowledgeisboundless,andlifeislimited.Soeducationisalifelongprocess.
《英语翻译基础》样题参
I.Directions:Translatethefollowingwords,abbreviationsorterminologyintotheirtargetlanguagerespectively.Therearealtogether30itemsinthispartofthetest,15inEnglishand15inChinese,withonepintforeach.(30')
亚太经贸合作组织
东南亚国家联盟
首席财务官
消费指数
邮政特快专递
联邦调查局
全球定位系统
首次公开募股
北大西洋公约组织
国际货币基金组织
最惠国
知识产权
注册会计师
欧洲自由贸易联盟
国际原子能机构
mortgageloan
health-carefood
thebondedzone
bad(harmful)practice,unhealthytendency
(passenger)transportduringtheSpringFestival
tertiaryindustry,servicesector
astatewithanadequatelegalsystem
internationalmonpractice
cashondelivery
enterprisesrunninginthered/underdeficit
downsizingforefficiency,cutpayrolltoimproveefficiency
conglomerationandmergerofenterprises
retainthejobbutsuspendthesalary
specialdrawingrights(SDR,SDRs)
marketaccess
II.Directions:Translatethefollowingtwosourcetextsintotheirtargetlanguagerespectively.IfthesourcetextisinEnglish,itstargetlanguageisChinese.IfthesourcetextisinChinese,itstargetlanguageisEnglish(120').
英译汉:
一位内科医生每次给新病人看病时脑子里就会响起一个刺耳的声音:我要是诊断错了该怎么办我是个蹩脚的医生.当初我是怎么混进医学院的一位高管失业了,虽然此前有过25年的辉煌职业生涯,他还是不断地告诉自己:我是个失败者.我没法赡养家人,以后也都不能够了.如果这些真实的事例对你来说非常地熟悉,那么你的头脑里可能也有那么一个严厉的声音在回荡.心理学家称,很多病人都备受苛刻的自我怀疑的折磨──包括一些非常成功的人士,他们认为这正是自己成功的秘诀. 自我怀疑的确能在清晨把你从床上唤起,敦促你快马加鞭地干活,尽快去完成手头那本书,那支曲子或是那项发明.不过对于成功的渴求也许会为严苛的评判及无休止的恐惧所阻挠.无休止的自我批评通常会带来焦虑,甚至会导致抑郁症.自我批评也会导致进食失调,身体机能紊乱,即总是想象自己的身体有缺陷.很多人在幼年时期便有了自我怀疑的倾向,之后这个声音便常伴他们左右,成了他们性格的一个部分.心理学家称,儿童,尤其是那些先天易患抑郁症的儿童,可能会内化并夸大父母,同辈或社会对自己的期望.有一个说法认为,自我批评其实就是冲自身发泄怒气,这类人内心充满了敌对情绪,但是太过忧虑,太没有安全感,不敢把这种情绪发泄出来.还有一些说法则认为,那些责备自己的人是在表达自己的负罪感或羞辱感,或者是下意识里保护自己免遭他人的责备:你不能再来责备我了,我自己已经责备过自己了,用的词比你还要严厉呢. 各种认知行为疗法有助于改变给人带来痛苦的思维模式.经常有一些医生,律师类的病人,他们相信如果他们对自己没有那么苛刻,就不会有现在的成功.心理学家的部分工作内容就是打破那种成见,并告诉他们——很多时候他们是因为突破自责获得了成功,而并不是因为自责而成功的.
汉译英:
AgricultureisthecenterpieceoftheDohaRoundnegotiations.Althoughbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesarefacedwithpressures,thenatureoftheirdifficultiesisverydifferent.Ofthe2.6billionfarmingpopulationintheworld,2.5billionresideinthedevelopingcountries,andthemajorityofthemarelivingbelowpovertylines.Evenifsomedevelopingcountrieswerewillingtoembarkontheroadoftradeliberalization,theywouldhetotakeintoaccountthebasiclivelihoodofmillionsorevenbillionsoftheirfarmers.Toexposethosepoorfarmerstofurtherexternalshockscouldtriggerdisastrousconsequences.Shouldsuchscenariooccur,thelifestyleoftherichcountrieswouldbeendangered,too.Itisthereforesensibletoofferduty-free,quota-freetreatm enttoproductromtheleastdevelopedcountriesimmediately.Developingcountriesshouldalsobeentitledtotheconceptsof"SpecialProducts"and"SpecialSafeguardMechani".
Intheprocessofpromotingworldtradeliberalization,itiscrucialtobearinmindtheinterestsofthemajorityandtoenablethemtoadapttothepaceofprogress.Hencethenecessityofprovidingspecialanddifferentialtreatmenttoalldevelopingcountries.ItisadvisabletoreachconsensusduringtheHongKongconferenceonissueslikecottonandothers,sothattherecouldbesome"EarlyHarvest"fordevelopingcountries.SuchvisibleandtangiblebenefitscouldboosttheconfidenceofmostmembersintheongoingDohaRoundnegotiations.
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