2023年考研英语一真题

2016考研英语二真题及答案SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwairstdetectedinMexicowasdeclaredaglobalpandemiconJune11,2016,inthefirstdesignationbytheWorldHealthOrganizationofaworldwidepandemicin41years.

TheheightenedalertcameafteranemergencymeetingwithfluexpertsinGenevathatconvenedafterasharpriseincasesinAustralia,andrisingnumbersinBritain,Japan,Chileandelsewhere.

Butthepandemicis"moderate"inseverity,accordingtoMargaretChan,theanization'sdirectorgeneral,withtheoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsexperiencingonlymildsymptomsandafullrecovery,oftenintheabsenceofanymedicaltreatment.

TheoutbreakcametoglobalnoticeinlateApril2016,whenMexicanauthoritiesnoticedanunusuallylargenumberofhospitalizationsanddeathsamonghealthyadults.AuchofMexicoCityshutdownattheheightofapanic,casesbegantocropupinNewYorkCity,thesouthwesternUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld.

IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofadeaswarmerweatherarrived.ButinlateSeptember2016,officialsreportedtherewassignificantfluactivityinalmosteverystateandthatvirtuallyallthesamplestestedarethenewswineflu,alsoknownas(A)H1N1,notseasonalflu.@Zov&,0

1IntheU.S.,ithasinfectedmorethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmorethan600deathsandmorethan6,000hospitalizations.

FederalhealthofficialsreleasedTamifluforchildrenfromthenationalstockpileandbegantakingorderromthestateorthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,whichisdifferentfromtheannualfluvaccine,isailableaheadofexpectations.MorethanthreemilliondosesweretobemadeailableinearlyOctober2016,thoughmostofthoseinitialdoseswereoftheFluMistnasalspraytype,whichisnotremendedforpregnantwomen,peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heartdiseaseorseveralotherproblems.Butitwasstillpossibletovaccinatepeopleinotherhigh-riskgroup:healthcareworkers,peoplecaringforinfantsandhealthyyoungpeople.

SectionⅡReadingprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CandD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Thelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,"BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever",atSotheby'sinLondononSeptember15th2016(seepicture).Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethanā70m,arecordforasalebyasingleartist.Itwasalasthurrah.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.

Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisinertiginouslysince2003.Atitspeakin2007itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm—doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.Sincethenitmayheedownto$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherindustries.

IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMrHirst'ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable,especiallyinNewYork,wherethebail-outofthebankscoincidedwiththelossofthousandsofjobsandthefinancialdemiseofmanyart-buyinginvestors.Intheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector—forChinesecontemporaryart—theyweredownbynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2016.Withinweekstheworld'stwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby'sandChristie's,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworkorsalewiththem.

ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989,amovethatstartedthemostseriouscontractioninthemarketsincethesecondworldwar.Thistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonerage,thoughsomehebeenfarmorevolatile.ButEdwardDolman,Christie'schiefexecutive,says:"I'mprettyconfidentwe'reatthebottom."

Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthemarket,whereasintheearly1990s,wheninterestrateswerehigh,therewasnodemandeventhoughmanycollectorswantedtosell.Christie'srevenuesinthefirsthalfof2016werestillhigherthaninthefirsthalfof2006.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.ThethreeDs—death,debtanddivorce—stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothetoselliskeepingaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.

21.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst'ssalewasreferredtoas"alastvictory"because____-.

A.theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionofvictoryies

B.theauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestbids

C.BeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallmasterpieces

D.itwassuccesullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancialcrisis

22.Bysaying"spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable"(Line1-2,Para.3),theauthorsuggeststhat_____.

A.collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketauctions

B.peop lestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromgalleries

C.artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatextent

D.worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthbuying

23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTture

A.Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007to2016.

B.Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinmomentum.

C.Themarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousways.

D.Someartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestoe.

24.ThethreeDentionedinthelastparagraphare____

A.auctionhouses'forites

B.contemporarytrends

C.factorspromotingartworkcirculation

D.stylesrepresentingimpressionists

25.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe___

A.FluctuationofArtPrices

B.Up-to-dateArtAuctions

C.ArtMarketinDecline

D.ShiftedInterestinArts(编辑)

Text2

IwasaddressingaallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom--awomen'sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheeveningonemanhadbeenparticularlytalkativefrequentlyofferingideasandanecdoteswhilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.TowardtheendoftheeveningImentedthatwomenfrequentlyplainthattheirhusbandsdon'ttalktothem.Thianquicklyconcurred.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid"She'sthetalkerinourfamily."Theroomburstintolaughter,themanlookedpuzzledandhurt."It'strue"heexplained."WhenIehomefromworkIhenothingtosay.Ifshedidn'tkeeptheconversationgoingwe'dspendthewholeeveninginsilence."

ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituationstheyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghocwithmarriage.

ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate'70s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiesanreportsinhernewbook"DivorceTalk"thatmostofthewomensheinterviewed--butonlyafewofthemen--gelackofmunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percentthatamountstomillionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear--irtualepidemicoffailedconversation.

Inmyownresearchplaintromwomenabouttheirhusbandostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashinggivenupthechanceforacareertoacpanyahusbandtohisordoingfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaningcookingsocialarrangementsanderrands.Insteadtheyfocusedonmunication:"Hedoesn'tlistentome""Hedoesn'ttalktome."IfoundasHackerobservedyearsbeforethatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobefirstandforemostconversationalpartnersbutfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirwives.

Inshorttheimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhiacewhileawomanglaresatthebackofitwantingtotalk.

26.Whatiostwives'mainexpectationoftheirhusbands

A.Talkingtothem.

B.Trustingthem.

C.Supportingtheircareers.

D.Shsringhousework.

27.Judgingfromthecontext,thephrase"wreakinghoc"(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans___.

Ageneratingmotivation.

B.exertinginfluence

C.causingdamage

Dcreatingpressure

28.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT_______

A.mentendtotalkmoreinpublictanwomen

B.nearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedconversation

C.womenattachmuchimportancetomunicationbetweencouples

Dafemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherspouse

29.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemianideaofthistext

A.Themoraldecayingdeserveoreresearchbysociologists.

B.Marriagebreak_upstemromsexinequalities.

C.Husbandandwofehedifferentexpectationromtheirmarriage.

D.Conversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifearedifferent.

30.Inthefollowingpartimmediatelyafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobablyfocus

on______

A.ividaccountofthenewbookDivorceTalk

B.adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalcartoon

C.otherpossiblereasonorahighdivorcerateintheU.S.

DabriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewHacker

Txet3

overthepastdecade,manypanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehiors—habits—amongconsumers.Thesehabitshehelpedpaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacks,applylotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.

"Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likehandwashingwithsoap,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan'tfigureouthowtochangepeople'shabits,"Dr.Curtissaid."Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehiorsthathappenautomatically."

ThepaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto—Procter&,Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever—hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers'livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.

Ifyoulookhardenough,you'llfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday—chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins—areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday .Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesacity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.

Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn'tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragepaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedinmercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.

"Ourproductssucceedwhentheybeepartofdailyorweeklypatterns,"saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&,Gamble,thepanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear."Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers'lives,andit'sessentialtomakingnewproducterciallyviable."

Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehiorstohabitualcuesthroughrelentlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversiesheeruptedwhenthetacticshebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.

31.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwithsoap________.

[A]shouldbefurthercultivated

[B]shouldbechangedgradually

[C]aredeepiyrootedinhistory

[D]arebasicallyprivateconcerns(编辑:)

32.Bottledwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soasto____

[A]revealtheirimpactonpeople'habits

[B]showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities

[C]indicatetheireffectonpeople'buyingpower

[D]manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabits

33.whichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople'shabits

[A]Tide

[B]Crest

[C]Colgate

[D]Unilver

34.Fromthetextwekonwthatsomeofconsumer'shabitsaredevelopeddueto_____

[A]perfectedartofproducts

[B]automaticbehiorcreation

[C]mercialpromotions

[D]scientificexperiments

35.theauthor'sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople'shabitsis____

[A]indifferent

[B]negative

[C]positive

[D]biased

Text4

ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyareequallypetenttoserveonjuries,thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthemunity,thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,ornationalorigin,thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers,andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthemunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnsgoverningthemselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestogovernforthem.

Butasrecentlyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresconflictedwiththesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedtopersonsofsupposedlysuperiorintelligence,education,andmoralcharacter.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofstrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.

Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstateadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlesstheypersonllyaskedtohetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.

In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformorthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementorfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentiremunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorv.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthemunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesameprocedureorselectingmaleandfemalejurors.

36.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearnthat______

[A]bothlitcrateandilliteratepeoplecanserveonjuries

[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers

[C]noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice

[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublic

37.Thepracticeofselectingso—calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed_____

&# 91;A]theinadcquyofantidiscriminationlaws

[B]theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces

[C]theconflictingidealsinjuryselectionprocedures

38.Eveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestatesbecause_____

[A]theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws

[B]theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications

[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties

[D]theytendedtoevadepublicengagement

39.AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed.___

[A]sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeabolished

[B]educationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurors

[C]jurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentiremunity

[D]statesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejurysystem

40.indiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson_______

[A]itsnatureandproblems

[B]itscharacteristicsandtradition

[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions

[D]itstraditionanddevelopment

SectionⅢTranslation

46.Directions:

InthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)(编辑:)

"Suatainability"hasbeeapopularwordthesedays,buttoTedNing,theconceptwillalwayshepersonalmeaning.Hingenduredapainfulperiodofunsustainabilityinhisownlifemadeitcleartohimthatsustainability-orientedvalueustbeexpressedthougheverydayactionandchoice.

Ningrecallsspendingaconfusingyearinthelate1990ssellinginsurance.He'dbeenthoughthedot-boomandburstand,desperateforajob,signedonwithaBoulderagency.

Itdidin'tgowell."Itwasareallyhadmovebecausethat'snotmypassion,"saysNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales."Iwaiserable,IhadsomuchanxietythatIwouldwakeupinthemiddleofthenightandstareattheceiling.Ihadnomoneyandneededthejob.Everyonesaid,'Justwait,you'lltrunthecorner,giveitsometime.'"

翻译参考

"坚持不懈"如今已成一个流行词汇,但对TedNing而言,这个概念一直有个人含义,经历了一段痛苦松懈的个人生活,使他清楚面向以坚持不懈为导向的价值观,必须贯彻到每天的行动和选择中.

Ning回忆起20世纪90年代末期卖保险的那段迷茫时光,他通过蓬勃兴起的网络疯狂地找工作,并且与Boulder机构签了约.

事情进展并不顺利,TedNing说到:"那真是个糟糕的选择,因为我对此没有,"可以预料,他把工作中的矛盾能解释为没有业务.Ning说:"我很痛苦渴望起来盯着天花板,我没钱,我需要工作,每个人都说'等吧,只要有耐心会好转的.'"

47.Directions:

YouhejustebackfromtheU.S.asamemberofaSino-Americanculturalexchangeprogram.WritealettertoyourAmericancolleagueto

1)Expressyourthankorhis/herwarmreception,

2)Welehim/hertovisitChinainduecourse.

48.Directions:

Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould

1)Interpretthechartand

2)Giveyourments.

Youshouldwriteatleast150words.

WriteyouressayononANSWERSHEET2.(15points)

2016年考研英语二真题答案:

21D22A23B24C25C26A27C28D29D30B31A32A33D34C35B36A37C38C390D

新题型FTTTF"Sustainability"hasbeeapopularwordthesedays,buttoTedNing,theconceptwillalwayshepersonalmeaning.Hingenduredapainfulperiodofunsustainabilityinhisownlifemadeitcleartohimthatsustainability-orientedvalueustbeexpressedthrougheverydayactionandchoice.

当今,"可持续性"已经成为了一个流行的词语.但是,对特德宁来说,它对这个词有着自身的体会.在忍受了一段痛苦的,难以为继的生活之后,他清楚地认识到,以可持续发展为导向的生活价值必须通过日常的活动和做出的选择表现出来.

Ningrecallsspendingaconfusingyearinthelate1990ssellinginsurance.He'dbeenthroughthedot-boomandburstand,desperateforajob,signedonwithaBoulderagency.

宁回忆了在上个世纪90年代末期的某一年,他卖保险,那是一种浑浑噩噩的生活.在经历了网络经济的兴盛和衰败之后,他非常渴望得到一份工作,于是和一家博德的公司签了合约.

Itdidn'tgowell."Itwasareallybadmovebecausethat'snotmypassion,"saysNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales."Iwaiserable.IhadsomuchanxietythatIwouldwakeupinthemiddleofthenightandstareattheceiling.Ihadnomoneyandneededthejob.Everyonesaid,"Justwait,you'llturnthecorner,giveitsometime.''

事情进展不顺,"那的确是很糟糕的一种选择,因为那并非是我的所在,"宁如是说.可以想象,他这种工作上的窘境是由于销售业绩不良造成的."我觉得很悲哀.我太担心了,以至于我会在半夜醒来,盯着天花板.没有钱,我需要这份工作.每个人都会说,等吧,总会有转机的,给点时间吧."

2016年研究生入学考试英语二真题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblackandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

TheInteraffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1acrosstheWeb.

Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3

Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation'scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta4tomaketheWebasaferplace-a"voluntarytrustedidentity"systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled6one.Thesystemmightu seaartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7toaspecificputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.

Theideaisto8afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshebeenauthenticatedcouldnigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInterdriver'slicense10bythegovernment.

GoogleandMicrosoftareamongpaniesthatalreadyhethese"singlesign-on"systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.

12.theapproachwouldcreatea"walledgarden"ncyberspace,withsafe"neighborhoods"andbright"streetlights"toestablishasenseofa13munity.

Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa"voluntaryecosystem"inwhich"individualsandanizationscanpleteonlinetransactionswith14,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15whichthetransactionruns".

Still,theadministration'splanhas16privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach,othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17beapulsoryInter"drive'slicense"mentality.

Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18bysomeputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe"voluntaryecosystem"envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleemuchoftheInter19.TheyarguethatallInterusersshouldbe20toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriverustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.

1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden2.A.forB.withinC.whileD.though3.A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless4.A.reasonB.reminderC.promiseD.proposal5.A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.over7.A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.pared8.A.diissB.discoverC.createD.improve9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize10.A.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered11.A.carryonB.lingeronC.setinD.login12.A.InvainB.IneffectC.InreturnD.Incontrast13.A.trustedB.modernizedc.thrivingD.peting14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united17.A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually18.A.skepticiB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusia19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forced

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucherotici.Butbytheendof2016Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhingsatonGoldman'spensationmittee,howcouldsheheletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarkedByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.

Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm'sboard.Hingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyheenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceialling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhingweatheredtheirowncrises.

TheresearcherromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose"surprise"disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthepanywillsubsequentlyhetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey"tradeup."Leingriskier,allerfirmorlargerandmorestablefirms.

Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorsheaneasiertimeofoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleeafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimeayhetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor.

[A]gainingexcessiveprofits

[B]failingtofulfillherduty

[C]refusingtomakepromises

[D]leingtheboardintoughtimes

22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe.

[A]generousinvestors

[B]unbiasedexecutives

[C]sharepriceforecasters

[D]independentadvisers

23.AccordingtotheresearcherromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector'ssurprisedeparture,thefirmislikelyto.

[ ;A]beemorestable

[B]reportincreasedearnings

[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket

[D]performworseinlawsuits

24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors.

[A]maystayfortheattractiveofferromthefirm

[B]heoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm

[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm

[D]willdeclineincentiveromthefirm

25.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis.

[A]permissive

[B]positive

[C]scornful

[D]critical

Text2

WhateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaperAyearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinter.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America'sFederalTrademissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosenewspapers.ShouldtheybeecharitablecorporationsShouldthestatesubsidizethemItwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.

Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapersheshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledeoftheglobalindustry,henotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.

Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasuresheprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.

Newspapersarebeingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenueromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2016,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&,Development(OECD).InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.

Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershegone.Sohescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushebeensagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesspleteasaresult.Butpletenessisnolongerirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.

26.Bysaying"Newspaperslike等theirowndoom"(Lines3-4,Para.1),theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper.

[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis

[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies

[C]werenotcharitablecorporations

[D]wereinadesperatesituation

27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause.

[A]readersthreatenedtopayless

[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts

[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas

[D]subscribersplainedaboutslimmerproducts

28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey.

[A]hemoresourcesofrevenue

[B]hemorebalancednewsrooms

[C]arelessdependentonadvertising

[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership

29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness

[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.

[B]Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.

[C]Foreignbureausplayacrucialroleinthenewspaperbusiness.

[D]Readershelosttheirinterestincarandfilmreviews.

30.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe.

[A]AmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvival

[B]AmericanNewspapers:GonewiththeWind

[C]AmericanNewspapers:AThrivingBusiness

[D]AmericanNewspapers:AHopelessStory

Text3

WetendtothinkofthedecadesimmediatelyfollowingWorldWarIIasatimeofprosperityandgrowth,withsoldiersreturninghomebythemillions,goingofftocollegeontheG.I.Billandliningupatthemarriagebureaus.

Butwhenitcametotheirhouses,itwasatimeofmonsenseandabeliefthatlesscouldtrulybemore.DuringtheDepressionandthewar,Americanshadlearnedtolivewithless,andthatrestraint,inbinationwiththepostwarconfidenceinthefuture,madeall,efficienthousingpositivelystylish.

Economicconditionwasonlyastimuluorthetrendtowardefficientliving.Thephrase"lessiore"wasactuallyfirstpopularizedbyaGerman,thearchitectLudwigMiesvanderRohe,wholikeotherpeopleassociatedwiththeBauhaus,aschoolofdesign,emigratedtotheUnitedStatesbeforeWorldWarII

andtookuppostsatAmericanarchitectureschools.ThesedesignerscametoexertenormousinfluenceonthecourseofAmericanarchitecture,butnonemoresothatMies.

Mies'ssignaturephrasemeansthatlessdecoration,properlyanized,haoreimpactthatalot.Elegance,hebelieved,didnotderivefromabundance.Likeothermodernarchitects,heemployedmetal,glassandlaminatedwood-materialsthatwetakeforgrantedtodaybuythatinthe1940ssymbolizedthefuture.Mies'ssophisticatedpresentationmaskedthefactthatthespaceshedesignedwereallandefficient,ratherthanbigandoftenempty.

TheapartmentsintheeleganttowersMiesbuilt onChicago'sLakeShoreDrive,forexample,werealler-two-bedroomunitsunder1,000squarefeet-thanthoseintheirolderneighborsalongthecity'sGoldCoast.Buttheywerepopularbecauseoftheirairyglasswalls,theviewstheyaffordedandtheeleganceofthebuildings'detailsandproportions,thearchitecturalequivalentoftheabstractartsopopularatthetime.

Thetrendtoward"less"wasnotentirelyforeign.Inthe1930sFrankLloydWrightstartedbuildingmoremodestandefficienthouses-usuallyaround1,200squarefeet-thanthespreadingtwo-storyoneshehaddesignedinthe1890sandtheearly20thcentury.

The"CaseStudyHouses"missionedfromtalentedmodernarchitectsbyCaliforniaArts&,Architecturemagazinebetween1945and1962wereyetanotherhomegrowninfluenceonthe"lessiore"trend.Aestheticeffectcamefromthelandscape,newmaterialsandforthrightdetailing.InhisCaseStudyHouse,Ralpheverydaylife-fewAmericanfamiliesacquiredhelicopters,thoughmosteventuallygotclothesdryers-buthisbeliefthatself-sufficiencywasbothdesirableandinevitablewaswidelyshared.

31.ThepostwarAmericanhousingstylelargelyreflectedtheAmericans'.

[A]prosperityandgrowth

[B]efficiencyandpracticality

[C]restraintandconfidence

[D]prideandfaithfulness

32.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3aboutBauhaus

[A]ItwaoundedbyLudwigMiesvanderRohe.

[B]ItsdesigningconceptwasaffectedbyWorldWarII.

[C]MostAmericanarchitectsusedtobeassociatedwithit.

[D]IthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.

33.Miesheldthateleganceofarchitecturaldesign.

[A]wasrelatedtolargespace

[B]wasidentifiedwithemptiness

[C]wasnotreliantonabundantdecoration

[D]wasnotassociatedwithefficiency

34.WhatistrueabouttheapartmentsMiesbuildingChicago'sLakeShoreDrive

[A]Theyignoreddetailsandproportions.

[B]Theywerebuiltwithmaterialspopularatthattime.

[C]Theyweremorespaciousthanneighboringbuildings.

[D]Theysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractart.

35.Whatcanwelearnaboutthedesignofthe"CaseStudyHouse"

[A]Mechanicaldeviceswerewidelyused.

[B]Naturalscenesweretakenintoconsideration

[C]Detailsweresacrificedfortheoveralleffect.

[D]Eco-friendlymaterialswereemployed.

Text4

WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeitThequestionwouldhesoundedstrangenotlongago.Noweventheproject'sgreatestcheerleaderstalkofacontinentfacinga"Bermudatriangle"ofdebt,populationdeclineandlowergrowth.

Aswellasthosechronicproblems,theEUfaceanacutecrisisinitseconomiccore,the16countriesthatusethesinglecurrency.Marketshelostfaiththattheeurozone'seconomies,weakerorstronger,willonedayconvergethankstothedisciplineofsharingasinglecurrency,whichdeniesunpetitivemembersthequickfixofdevaluation.

YetthedebateabouthowtoseEurope'ssinglecurrencyfromdisintegrationisstuck.Itisstuckbecausetheeurozone'sdominantpowers,FranceandGermany,agreeontheneedforgreaterharmonizationwithintheeurozone,butdisagreeaboutwhattoharmonies.

Germanythinkstheeuromustbesedbystricterrulesonborrowspendingandpetitiveness,barkedbyquasi-automaticsanctionorgovernmentsthatdonotobey.ThesemightincludethreatstofreezeEUfundorpoorerregionsandEUmega-projectsandeventhesuspensionofacountry'svotingrightsinEUministerialcouncils.Itinsiststhateconomicco-ordinationshouldinvolveall27membersoftheEUclub,amongwhomthereisaallmajorityforfree-marketliberaliandeconomicrigour,intheinnercorealone,Germanyfears,aallmajorityfourFrenchinterference.

A"southern"campheadedbyFrenchwantssomethingdifferent:"Europeaneconomicgovernment"withinaninnercoreofeuro-zonemembers.Translated,thatmeanspoliticiansinterveninginmoarypolicyandasystemofredistributionfromrichertopoorermembers,viacheaperborrowingforgovernmentsthroughmonEurobondsorpletefiscaltraners.Finally,figuresclosetotheFrancegovernmenthemurmured,curo-zonemembersshouldagreetosomefiscalandsocialharmonization:e.g.,curbingpetitionincorporate-taxratesorlabourcosts.

ItistoosoontowriteofftheEU.Itremainstheworld'slargesttradingblock.Atitsbest,theEuropeanprojectisremarkablyliberal:builtaroundasinglemarketof27richandpoorcountries,itsinternalbordersarefarmoreopentogoods,capitalandlabourthananyparabletradingarea.Itisanambitiousattempttobluntthesharpestedgesofglobalization,andmakecapitalibenign.

36.TheEUiacedwithsomanyproblemsthat.

[A]ithaoreorlesslostfaithinmarkets

[B]evenitssupportersbegintofeelconcerned

[C]someofitembercountriesplantoabandoneuro

[D]itintendstodenythepossibilityofdevaluation

37.ThedebateovertheEU'ssinglecurrencyisstuckbecausethedominantpowers.

[A]arepetingfortheleadingposition

[B]arebusyhandlingtheirowncrises

[C]failtoreachanagreementonharmonization

[D]disagreeonthestepstowardsdisintegration

38.Tosolvetheeuroproblem,Germa nyproposedthat.

[A]EUfundorpoorregionsbeincreased

[B]stricterregulationsbeimposed

[C]onlycoremembersbeinvolvedineconomicco-ordination

[D]votingrightsoftheEUmembersbeguaranteed

39.TheFrenchproposalofhandlingthecrisisimpliesthat____.

[A]poorcountriesaremorelikelytogetfunds

[B]strictmoarypolicywillbeappliedtopoorcountries

[C]loanswillbereadilyailabletorichcountries

[D]richcountrieswillbasicallycontrolEurobonds

40.RegardingthefutureoftheEU,theauthorseemstofeel____.

[A]pessimistic

[B]desperate

[C]conceited

[D]hopeful

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtherightcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintheleftcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

46.Direction:

InthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese,writeyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)

Whowouldhethoughtthat,globally,theITindustryproducesaboutthesamevolumesofgreenhousegasesastheworld'sairlinesdo-rough2percentofallCO2emissions

Manyeverydaytaskstakeasurprisingtollontheenvironment.AGooglesearchcanleakbetween0.2and7.0gramsofCO2dependingonhowmanyattemptsareneededtogetthe"right"answer.Todeliverresultstoitsusersquickly,then,Googlehastomaintainvastdatacentresroundtheworld,packedwithpowerfulputers.WhileproducinglargequantitiesofCO2,theseputersemitagreatdealofheat,sothecentresneedtobewellair-conditioned,whichusesevenmoreenergy.

However,Googleandotherbigtechprovideronitortheirefficiencycloselyandmakeimprovements.Monitoringisthefirststepontheroadtoreduction,butthereiuchtobedone,andnotjustbybigpanies.

参

从全球范围来看,有谁会想到IT行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%.

许多日常工作对环境造成了令人震惊的破坏.根据每次你搜索并得到正确答案的尝试次数,谷歌会排放0.2至7克的二氧化碳.为了迅速将结果传递给用户,谷歌在全球设置了大量充斥着能量巨大的电脑的数据中心.这些电脑在排放大量二氧化碳的同时,也产生大量的能量.因此,这些数据中心需要良好的空调降温,这又会同时产生大量的能量.

然而,谷歌和其他技术提供商严密检测他们的效果并不断进行改进.监控是减排的第一步,但这仍任重道远,且不仅只由大公司来承担.

小作文参DearLiMing,

WeareveryhappytoknowthatyouhesuccesullypassedthecollegeentranceexaminationthisyearandhebeenadmittedintoPekingUniversity.Allowustogiveourmostsincerecongratulationsonthisexcitingoccasion.

Youheallalongbeenworkinghardatyourprofessionalstudies,andyouareexcellentinmostsubjects.Yoursuccessshowsthatonlyhardworkcanyieldgoodresults,soIsuggestthatyoushouldmakeagreatprogressinuniversitylife.

Wetakethisopportunitytoexpressourbestwishestoyou.Wishyougreaterachievementsinyourcollegeeducation.

Yourssincerely,

ZhangWei

【马鹏老师版】

DearMing,

Congratulations！IamgladtohearthatyouhebeenadmittedbyMIT.Youreffortsandmitmenthebeenpaidoff.Youarethehonorofourfamily.

Hereesomemyownadvicesofbeingaprecollegestudent.Firstandforemost,youneedtoimproveyourmunicationbecauseyouwillmeetdifferentpeoplewithdifferentpersonalitiesincampus.Moreover,readingsomereferencebookswillhelpyoutoaccumulatemoreknowledgeandterms,whichboostyourpetitivenessincampus.

Onceagaincongratulateforyourachievement！

Yourssincerely,

ZhangWei

大作文参

Asisshowninthebarchartabove,dramaticchangeshetakenplaceintheautoarketshareswithintwoyears(from2016to2016).Themostobviouschangewasthemarketshareofnationalbrand,whichhadincreasednearlyby10%,whileJapan'sautoarketsharedecreasedroughlyby10%.ThepercentageoftheUSautosremainedstablebetween2016and2016.

TherearenumerousreasonsaccountingforthephenomenonandIwouldliketoexploreafewofthemostimportantoneshere.Aboveall,asthedevelopmentoftechniqueandknowledgeinnativepanies,agrowingnumberofautoscorporationdevelopedmanyqualityautos.Therefore,thenationalpeoplechangedtheattitudetothenativebrandsandacknowledgethem.What'more,anoverwhelmingmajorityofpeoplehebeenaffectedbythecountrypatriotiideology,partlyowingtosomeactionsofJapantriggeringtheemotionofpeople.Finally,ToyotabrakeerroraccidentssignificantlyaffectsJapaneseautos'reputationsandimages.SafetyconcernsdrovecustomersawayfromJapaneseproducts.Additionally,FuelpricedroveconsumersawayfromthoseAmericanpetroldiggingandluxuryautos.Soitisnotdifficulttoobservetheirsteadyperformance.

Basedonwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayreasonablyconcludethatthetendencydescribedingraphicwillcontinueforquitealongtime.Hopefully,governmentcouldoffermorefriendlypoliciestoChinaautoanufacturerstoencouragequalityimprovementandtechnologyinnovation.

SectionIUseofEnglish

1.A2.C3.B4.D5.D6.B7.A8.C9.C10.B

11.D12.B13.A14.C15.A16.A17.D18.A19.C20.D

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Text1

21.[B]failingtofulfillherduty.

2 2.[D]independentadvisers.

23.[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket.

24.[A]maystayfortheattractiveofferromthefirm.

25.[D]critical.

Text2

26.[D]wereinadesperatesituation.

27.[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts.

28.[C]arelessdependentonadvertising.

29.[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers..

30.[A]AmericanNewspapers:StrugglingforSurvival

Text3

31.[C]restraintandconfidence.

32.[D]IthadagreatinfluenceuponAmericanarchitecture.

33.[C]wasnotreliantonabundantdecoration.

34.[D]Theysharedsomecharacteristicsofabstractart.

35.[B]Naturalscenesweretakenintoconsideration.

Text4

36.[B]evenitssupportersbegintofeelconcerned

37.[C]failtoreachanagreementonharmonization

38.[B]stricterregulationsbeimposed.

39.[A]poorcountriesaremorelikelytogetfunds

40.[D]hopeful

PartB

41.E42.D43.4.B45.G

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题

标准答案

sectionIUseofEnglish(10points)

1.D2.C3.B4.A5.A

6.B7.D8.C9.B10.A

11.C12.D13.D14.A15.C

16.B17.D18.C19.A20.B

SectionⅡReadingprehension

partA

21.D22.A23.B24.C25.C

26.A27.C28.B29.D30.B

31.A32.A33.D34.C35.B

36.D37.A38.C39.B40.D

PartB

41.F42.T43.F44.T45.F

SectionⅢTranslation

最近,"承受力"成了一个流行词,但对TedNing来说,他对其含义有自己亲身的体会.在经历了一段无法承受的痛苦生活后,他清楚的认识到,旨在提高承受力的价值观只有通过每日的行为和抉择才能得到体现.

Ning回忆起九十年代后期销售保险那困惑的一年.在经历了网络泡沫的膨胀和破灭后,他急需找到一份工作,因此就与Boulder公司签了约.

但情况并不顺利."这的确是糟糕的一步,因为它激不起我的工作热情,"Ning说.不出所料,工作上的进退维谷造成他销售业绩不佳."我很痛苦,愁肠百结,常常在半夜惊醒,望着天花板发愣.我身无分文,需要这份工作.大家都说,'等等看,过一段时间情况会好转的.'"

SectionⅣWriting

PartA

Dearxxx,

IwouldliketoconveymyheartfeltthankstoyouforyourkindnesstoreceivemewhenIparticipatedinanexchangeprograminUSA.

YourgeneroushelpmadeitpossiblethatIhaderypleasantstayandachancetoknowAmericanculturesbetter.Besides,IthinkitisanhonorformetomakefriendswithyouandIwillcherishthegoodwillyoushowedtomewhereverIgo.IdohopethatyouwillvisitChinaoneday,sothatIcouldhetheopportunitytorepayyourkindnessandrefreshourfriendship.

Ifeelobligedtothankyouagain.

Sincerelyyours,

ZhangWei

PartB

Inthischart,wecanseethemobilephonesubscriptionsindevelopedcountriesheasteadyandslightincreasefrom1990to2007andthenremainconstantin2016.Meanwhilethemobilephonesubscriptionsindevelopingcountrieshewitnessedaslowincreasefrom1990to2004andthenagreatsurgefrom2004to20007:thebiggestsurgehappenrom2005to2006.

Thischartreflectsdifferentdevelopingmodesofmobilephoneindustryindevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Thedevelopedcountrieshealimitednumberofpopulations,mostofwhomarewell-educated.Therefore,thespreadingofthemobilephoneserviceisefficientandsoonthemarketissaturated.Alsoatthebeginningthedevelopedcountrieshemorepeoplewhocanaffordthisservice.Thedevelopingcountrieshealargepopulationwhokeepsalargedemandformobileservice.Asthemobilephoneservicebeescheaperandcheaper,theincreasingcustomerssubscribetobenefitfromthisservice.

Asdiscussedabove,itisnotsurprisingtoseethischange.Inmyopinion,thistrendthatthenumberofmobile-phonesubscriptionsisincreasinglyincreasingwillcontinueforawhileinthefuture.

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtheleftcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEERT1.(10points)

"Universalhistory,thehistoryofwhatmanhasacplishedinthisworld,isatbottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhoheworkedhere,"wrotetheVictoriansageThomasCarlyle.Well,notanymoreitisnot.

Suddenly,Britainlookstohefallenoutwithitouritehistoricalform.Thiscouldbenomorethanapassingliterarycraze,butitalsopointstoabroadertruthabouthowwenowapproachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromforefathersandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.Today,wewantempathy,notinspiration.

FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissance,thewritingofhistorymeantrecountingtheexemplarylivesofgreatmen.In1337,PetrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDeVirisIllustribus–OnFamousMen,highlightingthevirtus(orvirtue)ofclassicalheroes.Petrarchcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortuneandrisingtothetop.ThiswasthebiographicaltraditionwhichNiccoloMachielliturnedonitshead.InThePrince,thechampionedcunning,ruthlessness,andboldness,ratherthanvirtue,mercyandjustice,astheskillsofsuccesulleaders.

Overtime,theattributesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticemoratedtheleadingpaintersandauthorsoftheirday,stressingtheuniquenessoftheartist'spersonalexperienceratherthanpublicglory.Bycontrast,theVictorianauthorSamualSmileswroteSelf-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineers,industrialistsandexplores."Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishofthepowerofself-help,ifpat ientpurpose,resoluteworkingandsteadfastintegrity,issuingintheformulationoftrulynobleandmanycharacter,exhibit,"wroteSmiles."whatitisinthepowerofeachtoacplishforhimself"HisbiographiesofJamesWalt,RichardArkwrightandJosiahWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidetheworkingmanthroughhisdifficultlife.

ThiswasallabitbourgeoiorThomasCarlyle,whofocusedhisbiographiesonthetrulyheroiclivesofMartinLuther,OliverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.Theseepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitate,buttobeacknowledgedaspossessinghigherauthoritythanmeremortals.

CommunistManifesto.Forthem,historydidnothing,itpossessednoimmensewealthnorwagedbattles:"Itian,real,livingmanwhodoesallthat."Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.Assuch,itneededtoappreciatetheeconomicrealities,thesocialcontextsandpowerrelationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:"Menmaketheirownhistory,buttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplease,theydonotmakeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselves,butundercircumstancesdirectlyfound,givenandtranittedfromthepast."

Thiswasthetraditionwhichrevolutionizedourappreciationofthepast.InplaceofThomasCarlyle,BritainnurturedChristopherHill,EPThompsonandEricHobsbawm.Historyfrombelowstoodalongsidebiographiesofgreatmen.Wholenewrealmsofunderstanding—fromgendertoracetoculturalstudies—wereopenedupasscholarsunpickedthemultiplicityoflostsocieties.Andittranormedpublichistorytoo:downstairsbecamejustaascinatingasupstairs.

[A]emphasizedthevirtueofclassicalheroes.41.Petrarch[B]highlightedthepublicgloryoftheleadingartists.42.NiccoloMachiellli[C]focusedonepochalfigureswhoseliveswerehardtoimitate.43.SamuelSmiles[D]openedupnewrealmsofunderstandingthegreatmeninhistory.44.ThomasCarlyle[E]heldthathistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.45.MarxandEngels[F]diissedvirtueasunnecessaryforsuccesulleaders.[G]depictedtheworthylivesofengineerindustrialistsandexplorers.

2016年研究生入学考试真题及解析

Section1UseofEninglish

Directions:

MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.Joeasamindlesswartoy,thesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventuri,butthat'snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho1)inWorldWarIIandthepeopletheyliberated,theGI.wasthe2)mangrownintohero,thepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishome,theguywho3)alltheburdensofbattle,whosleptincoldfoxholes,whow