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作者姓名:薛文婷
论文题目:中国近代体育新闻传播历史研究(1840-1949)
作者简介:薛文婷,女,1971年12月3日出生,2004年9月师从于中国传媒大学赵玉明教授,于2016年1月获博士学位.
中文摘 要
中国古代史学家司马光说:"鉴前世之兴衰,考古今之得失",中国近代史学家梁启超说:"历史的目的在于将过去的真事实予以新意义或新价值,以供现代人活动之资鉴."中国当代史学家庞朴说:"我们想知道一个东西的性质和未来,有一个很重要的手段就是要知道它的过去."论文通过文献资料,历史考据,内容分析,比较研究等方法对中国近代(1840—1949)一百年间的体育新闻传播进行了考察,旨在丰富中国新闻传播史和中国体育史的内容,促进体育新闻传播学科的发展,为当下的体育新闻传播实践提供经验借鉴,为未来的体育新闻传播发展提供历史参照.
意大利历史哲学家克罗齐曾经说过:"思想历史当然就是把历史分期.因为思想是机体,是辩证,是剧,作为机体,辩证和剧,它就有它的时期,有它的开始,有它的中间,有它的结尾,有剧所含有的和要求的其他理想段落".如克罗齐所言,中国近代百余年间的体育新闻传播也恰似一幕大剧,不但经历了发轫,初兴,发展,繁荣阶段,也经历了其后的挫折和停滞阶段.
1840～1901:中国近代体育新闻传播的发轫期.1840年的战争,是中国近代史上具有划时代意义和转折意义的历史事件.伴随着中国社会近代化进程的启动以及中国新闻传播事业和体育事业从古代到近代的嬗变,中国近代体育新闻传播开始发轫:就笔者迄今发现的史料而言,揭开中国近代体育新闻传播帷幕的,是外国人创办报刊刊登的报道.1856年3月1日,香港第一份中文报刊体育日本帝国主义侵略中国和奴役中国的工具journaliandmunicationinChina(1840—1949)
XueWenting
ABSTRACT
ChineseancienthistorianSimaGuangoncesaid,"thestudyontheprosperityanddepressionofthepastdynastiesprovidesusanapproachtoassessthegainsandlossesoftheoldandcurrentdays".About100yearsago,ChinesefamoushistorianLiangQichaosaid,"thepurposeofhistoryistoendownewmeaningsandvaluetothepastrealevents,servingasreferencetovariousactivitiesofmodernpeople."ChinesemodernhistorianPangPusaid,"Ifwewanttoknowthenatureandthefutureofsomething,oneoftheimportantmethodsistounderstanditspast".Bytakingthemethodsofliteratureanalysis,contentanalysisandparativeStudy,thisthesisstudiedthetransitionofChinesemodernsportsjournaliinthepast100years(from1840to1949).Theaimofthisstudyistoamplifythecontentofthejournali&,municationhistoryaswellassportshistoryofChina,topromotethedevelopmentofsportunicationinChina,toprovidesomeexperienceforcurrentsportjournaliandmunicationandtoserveasanhistoricalreferencetothedevelopmentofsportjournaliandmunicationinthefuture.
ItalianhistorianandphilosopherBenedettoCroceoncesaid:"thehistoryofthinkingisperiodization,thinkingisabody,adramaanddialectics,soithasitsperiod,thebeginning,theMedium-termandtheending."ChineseModernSportJournaliandCommunicationinthese100yearsisjustlikeabigdrama,thereisarise,initialrise,development,prosperityandalsoexperiencedsetbackandstagnation.
From1840to1901,modernsportmunicationarises.TheOpiumWaristheturningpointofChinesehistory.AlongwiththemodernizationofChinesesocietyandthedevelopmentofChinesejournaliandsports,Chinesemodernsportmunicationbegantoarise.Judgedbythematerialofthispaper,thefistsportnewsinChinaappearsinanewspaperpublishedbyaforeignpany,whichisapieceofnewsonhorseracing.OnMarch1st1856,"ChineseSerial",thefirstmandarinreligiouagazineinHongKong,publishedapieceofnewsonhorseracing.OnNovember14th1863,"theChineseShippingList\Advertiser"whichwasthefirstmandarinmercialnewspaperofShanghai,publishedareportofahorseracingpetitionintheautumn.OnApril30th1872,thefirst"Shenbao"publishedapieceofnewsonhorseracing.Afterthat,everyspringandautumn,thehorseracingseason,wecanfindsomereportsofhorseracinginthenewspaperandmagazinesofShanghaiaswellasboatracinginboatracingseasons.Inthisperiod,therearesomereportsoftrackandfieldandWushucanbeseeninsomenewspaperpublishedbyforeigner.DuringtheReformMovement,thefirstupsurgeofpressoccursinChina,innovationgroupadvocatesportsinnewspaper,whichistheearlystagewhenChinesegotinvolvedinmodernsportjournaliandmunication.Sportsjournaliandmunicationinthearisingperiodishidebound,simplexandimmature.
From1901to1919,modernsportjournaliandmunicationspringsup.The"NewPolicy"putforwardattheendofQingDynasty,broughtabouthistoricalreformtoChinesepolitics,economy,cultureandotherevents,whichcreatedconditionorthedevelopmentofsportjournaliandmunication.Inthisperiod,"Takungpao","Times","EastMagazine"andotherChineseown-runnewspaperarose,differentfromforeignnewspapers,thespiritof"Shangwu"isadvocatedbythesenewspapers.Aftertheintroductionofschoolgymnasticsandsportmeeting,thereportofsportsandsportmeetingbecamethemainstreamofsportnews.In1909,aspecializedsportmagazine"SportsCycle"isestablished,majorsporteventssuchastheOlympicsandFar-EastGameswasreported,allthesethingsrepresentthegreatstepofChinesemodernsportjournaliandmunication.
From1919to1927,thedevelopmentofmodernsportjourna liandmunication.TheMay4thMovementisthewatershedofChinesehistory,whichalsobringsnewchangestoChinesesportjournaliandmunication.AstheStandard-bearerofNewCultureMovement,"NewYouth"isthemainmagazinetoadvocatenewthoughts,whichpublishedsomementswrittenbyChenDuxiu,LuXunandMaoZedong,thesearticleshighlypraisedthenewsportthoughtandmadeprolongedeffectsonthefieldofChinesesportthinking.Withthespreadoftheadvancedsportsthoughtputforwardby"NewYouth",theestablishmentof"shenbao.educationandlife.Sports"in1923and"shenbao.specialperiodicalsonFar-EastGames"in1921,theincreaseofprofessionalsportsperiodicalssuchas"SportsWeekly"inChansha,andtheemergenceofprofessionalsportsjournalists,Chinesemodernsportjournaliandmunicationhadbeematuregradually.Sportunicationplayedanimportantroleinpublicopinionintheprocessofthereturnofthesports'sovereign,whichhadshownthesocialfunctionofsportsjournaliandmunication.
From1927to1937,theprosperousperiodofChinesemodernsportjournaliandmunication.Inthese10years,therelativestablepoliticalsituationandthedevelopmentofsocialundertakingsprovidedagoodenvironmentforthedevelopmentofsportjournaliandmunication.Theappearanceofcolumnsonsports,thespecialperiodicalsoncertainsportseventssuggestedtheimprovementofthecoverage.DuringBerlinOlympics,nearlyallthemajormediasreleasedtheOlympiccolumnandOlympicspecial,whichbroughtthesportjournaliandmunicationofoldChinaintofullplay.Thepopularityof"sportssingstate"brougoresportpublications.Accordingtoinpletestatistics,therearemorenearly80sportpublicationsinthisperiod.BroadcastwasusedduringtheforthnationalgamesbyShanghaiYameiRadioStationandZhejiangRadioStation,whichisthefirstsportbroadcastinChina.DuringBerlinOlympics,KMTcentralradiostationpromotedanewprogramcalled"thenewsoftheOlympics"whichadvocatedthedevelopmentofChinesesportbroadcast.InMarch1933,Tianjin"sportsweekly"publishedanarticle"themethodsofsportpropaganda",whichisanearlyarticleontheresearchonsportjournaliandmunication,allofthesemeansthebeginningoftheresearchonsportjournaliandmunication.
From1937to1945,theperiodofsetback.TheWarofResistanceagainstJapancutoffthegoodtrendofChinesemodernsportjournaliandmunication.Chinesemodernsportjournaliandmunicationbegantoregresshistoricallyandwasreducedtosomepartofthewar'spropaganda,whichappeareddifferenttunesandcolorsrespectivelyintheareaunderthecontrolofKMT,intheanti-Japanrevolutionbasearea,intheenemy-occupiedarea.
From1945to1949,theperiodofstagnation.AfterthevictoryofwaragainsttheJapaneseinvaders,Thecivilwarbrokeout,whichbroughtstagnationtothedevelopmentofsportjournali:mostofthesportcolumnwasnotresumedinadditiontofewnewspapers.Sportjournalimonlybelongedtothecolumnofeducation,culture,andafewwasnamedas"educationandsport",thenewspaperoftheprofessionalsportisrare,andcametoanultimateendafterafewpublications,althoughsomestationsopenedtheprogramaboutsportormorningexercise,ithasahugegapwiththesituation,inwhichthesportcolumnweremonlyestablishedinbroadcastingstationsintheareacontrolledbytheKuomintangpartyduringtheperiodbeforethewaragainsttheJapaneseinvaders,thereportofsomelarge-scaledsporteventisalsocan'tparedwiththatoftheBerlinOlympicgamesin1936.
EnligentistherationalpursuitofChinesemodernsociety,singtheendangerednationistheheycryofChinesemodernsociety.ThesetwoeventsarenotonlythetwomaintopicsinChinesemodernsociety,butalsotheissueoftimesinChinesemodernsportsjournaliandmunication.ThesportsenlightenmentofChinesemodernsportsjournaliandmunicationmainlyliesinmateriallevel,policylevelandspirituallevel,coveringalargescalerangingfromsportsutensils,theenlightenmentofsportseventtothecriticioftheChinesetraditionalidea"attachinggreatimportancetothe'literalarts'whileneglecting'martialarts'"andthespreadofwesternsportscultureandtheimportantrolethatChinesemodernsportsjournaliandmunicationhadplayedintheprocessofthemodernizationofChinesesports.Thenewsreportsaboutsportssingthenationhasplayedanactiveroleinencouragingpeopletobuildtheirbody,enhancingthemilitarypowerofsoldiers,attackingtheenemiessoastosethenation.Atthesametime,theamplificationofthepoliticalfunctionofsportsjournaliandmunicationhascausedChinesemodernsportsjournaliandmunicationtodeviatefromthenatureofsportstosomeextent.
Asasub-systemofthesocialsystems,theoperationortransitionofthemasediaisinfluencedbytheexteriorecologicalfactors.AsarecordingofChinesemodernSport,thetransitionofChinesemodernsportsexhibitsthestagedfeature,varianceofthesubjectandcontentofthetransition,etc,whichallattributesthedevelopmentofpolitics,economyandcultureofChinesemodernsociety.ItalsoinfluenceontheChinesemodernsocietyinitsownway.Becausethedisequilibriumofthedevelopmentofmodernsociety,thetransitionofChinesemodernsportsalsohasthefeature ofdisequilibriumindistribution.
Keywords:modern,sports,journaliandmunication